Abstract
A study has been made of the magnetic field intensities of 2-hop whistler-mode pulses transmitted at 16.8 kHz by FUB in France ( L=2.12, power = 20 kW) and received on the FR-1 satellite (altitude 750–770 km, inclination 76°) in the zone close to the transmitter. In general these 2-hop “echoes” tend to occur in a belt which is narrow in L and extends over the transmitter zone in an east-west (geomagnetic) direction for at least 30° longitude. For all but one of the 12 passes with echoes for which quantitative data is available, the intensities of the direct ground-to-satellite signal and echo are uncorrelated. While the intensity of the direct signal received on FR-1 decreases rapidly with geomagnetic longitude separation from the transmitter, the echo intensity does not ; further, the ratio D( t)/ E s ( t), where E s is the power of the strongest echo pulse received on a given pass, and D the corresponding direct pulse power, ranged in value from 0.1 to 1600 over all passes. The observations suggest that the existence of echo regions is a consequence of focussing rather than of ducting.
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