Abstract
O n 16 April 1861 in Kazan, Professor Afanasii Shchapov proffered a theory that would inspire several generations of Russian socialists. An expert in religious history, Shchapov spoke at a requiem service to commemorate peasants who were shot in a village meeting for their discontent with the terms of the Emancipation Act. Identifying the rebellious peasants as religious sectarians, Shchapov called these sectarians by the technical term and presented a brief sketch of their history: In Russia, for the past century and a half ... among you muzhiki-your own Christs have appeared.' Shchapov ended his eulogy by saying that the peasants lost their lives for the cause of narodosovetie, the Soviet of the people.2 Whether or not the terms he created were accurate in their relation to the past, some of them were prophetic in their relation to the future.
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