Which video technology brings the higher cognitive burden and motion sickness in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: 3D, 2D-4K or 3D-4K? a propensity score study.

Abstract

Technological development has offered laparoscopic colorectal surgeons new video systems to improve depth perception and perform difficult task in limited space. The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive burden and motion sickness for surgeons during 3D, 2D-4K or 3D-4K laparoscopic colorectal procedures and to report post-operative data with the different video systems employed. Patients were assigned to either 3D, 2D-4K or 3D-4K video and two questionnaires (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire-SSQ- and NASA Task Load Index -TLX) were used during elective laparoscopic colorectal resections (October 2020-August 2022) from two operating surgeons. Short-term results of the operations performed with the three different video systems were also analyzed. A total of 113 consecutive patients were included: 41 (36%) in the 3D Group (A), 46 (41%) in the 3D-4K Group and 26 (23%) in the 2D-4K Group (C). Weighted and adjusted regression models showed no significant difference in cognitive load amongst the surgeons in the three groups of video systems when using the NASA-TLX. An increased risk for slight/moderate general discomfort and eyestrain in the 3D-4K group compared with 2D-4K group (OR = 3.5; p = 0.0057 and OR = 2.8; p = 0.0096, respectively) was observed. Further, slight/moderate difficulty focusing was lower in both 3D and 3D-4K groups compared with 2D-4K group (OR = 0.4; p = 0.0124 and OR = 0.5; p = 0.0341, respectively), and higher in the 3D-4K group compared with 3D group (OR = 2.6; p = 0.0124). Patient population characteristics, operative time, post-operative staging, complication rate and length of stay were similar in the three groups of patients. 3D and 3D-4K systems, when compared with 2D-4K video technology, have a higher risk for slight/moderate general discomfort and eyestrain, but show lower difficulty focusing. Short post-operative outcomes do not differ, whichever imaging system is used.