Which Role Plays 2-Hydroxybutyric Acid on Insulin Resistance?

André P Sousa,Diogo M Cunha,Ruben Fernandes,Pilar Baylina,Frantz Gojon,Carolina Franco,Catarina Teixeira

doi:10.3390/metabo11120835

André P Sousa, Diogo M Cunha + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120835

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Journal: Metabolites	Publication Date: Dec 3, 2021
Citations: 23	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) is defined as a chronic condition caused by beta cell loss and/or dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). The discovering of novel biomarkers capable of identifying T2D and other metabolic disorders associated with IR in a timely and accurate way is critical. In this review, 2-hydroxybutyric acid (2HB) is presented as that upheaval biomarker with an unexplored potential ahead. Due to the activation of other metabolic pathways during IR, 2HB is synthesized as a coproduct of protein metabolism, being the progression of IR intrinsically related to the increasing of 2HB levels. Hence, the focus of this review will be on the 2HB metabolite and its involvement in glucose homeostasis. A literature review was conducted, which comprised an examination of publications from different databases that had been published over the previous ten years. A total of 19 articles fulfilled the intended set of criteria. The use of 2HB as an early indicator of IR was separated into subjects based on the number of analytes examined simultaneously. In terms of the association between 2HB and IR, it has been established that increasing 2HB levels can predict the development of IR. Thus, 2HB has demonstrated considerable promise as a clinical monitoring molecule, not only as an IR biomarker, but also for disease follow-up throughout IR treatment.

Highlights

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D), commonly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is responsible for up to 95% of diabetic cases worldwide [1]. It is defined as a chronic condition characterized by the loss and/or dysfunction of β-cells and insulin resistance (IR) in effector tissues, which is immediately recognized by an increase in glucose levels in the bloodstream, i.e., hyperglycemia [2,3,4]
In order to verify the potential of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (2HB) as an appropriate biomarker to detect early IR, a compilation of the outcomes is presented in Table 1 that will be explored below
Ref. [26] has looked through the main biofunction of 2HB and his results pointed that this biomolecule is synthesized in response to the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation caused by IR and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) regulation; in this way, it is considered as an early marker to both conditions

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D), commonly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is responsible for up to 95% of diabetic cases worldwide [1]. It is defined as a chronic condition characterized by the loss and/or dysfunction of β-cells and insulin resistance (IR) in effector tissues, which is immediately recognized by an increase in glucose levels in the bloodstream, i.e., hyperglycemia [2,3,4]. The diabetic population is anticipated to reach 578 million people by 2030 and 700 million by 2045, with an increase in the death rate. 374 million people are at risk or extremely at risk of developing T2D, mostly in developed countries

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