Abstract
Sleep is one of the basic physiological processes for human survival. Both sleep quantity and sleep quality are fundamental components of sleep. This review looks at both sleep quantity and sleep quality, considering how to manage the complex but probably unavoidable physiological phenomenon of sleep. The need for sleep has marked variations between individuals, in addition to the effects of variable conditions. Studies on sleep quality started later than those on sleep quantity, beginning in 1989 when Ford and Kamerow revealed that insomnia increases the risk of psychiatric disorders. According to the nationwide research team on the quality of sleep (19FA0901), sleep quality is superior to sleep quantity as an index for assessing sleep, and that restfulness obtained through sleep is a useful index for assessing sleep quality. We should pay more attention to obtaining sleep of good quality (restfulness, no sleepiness, no need for more sleep, sufficient objective sleep depth, etc.), although there have not been enough studies on the associations between sleep quality and health or disorders in children and adolescents. Further studies using the deviation from an individual’s optimal sleep quantity may show us another aspect of the effects of sleep quantity on various life issues.
Highlights
There is no doubt that sleep is one of the basic physiological processes for human survival [1]
This review looks at both sleep quantity and sleep quality, considering how to manage the complex but probably unavoidable physiological phenomenon of sleep
This study revealed that total sleep quantity ranged from 11.6 h (Japan) to 13.3 h (New Zealand)
Summary
There is no doubt that sleep is one of the basic physiological processes for human survival [1]. During 1905–2008, the sleep duration of children around the world aged 5–18 years decreased by approximately 0.75 min per night per year [4] These declines were obvious in Asia (the mean change of minutes per year; −0.50), Canada (−0.73), parts of Europe (−0.92), and the USA (−0.53), while sleep duration increased in Australia (+1.27), Scandinavia (+0.00) and the UK (+0.57) [6]. The sleep durations of preschoolers in Japan, especially nocturnal ones, reduced markedly over a period of nearly 70 years (between 1935–1936 and 2003) [7] In both studies conducted in 1935–1936 and 2003, bedtime, waking time, and nap duration were asked through a direct interview to each mother. Sleep is often not made a priority due to competing interests such as sports, media usage, and so on Some people believe they can reduce their sleep duration if they can have high quality sleep. Not enough data on these issues were obtained from children, this review tried to accumulate child data on both sleep quantity and sleep quality
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