Where Did I Go Wrong with My Model? Ten Tips for Getting Results in SEM

Abstract

Those new to structural equation modeling (SEM) often encounter problems with convergence, software errors, or poor fitting models. Some basic suggestions are offered to help reduce these problems and avoid some common error messages encountered when first testing models. The tips concern initial data management steps, specification of latent variables, avoidance of factor identification problems, special precautions when estimating means, addressing poor measurement model fit, using multistep testing, fitting full structural models, attentiveness to interpretation pitfalls, and troubleshooting software warnings and errors. The advice provided is intended to help save time, effort, and trials and tribulations often encountered by beginner modelers.