When it Works and Where it Fails: Spatial, Temporal, and Budgetary Constraints to Civic Environmentalism*

Abstract

Objectives. With its focus on civic engagement, market‐based tools, and public‐private partnerships, the model of civic environmentalism has been successful in dealing with small, localized problems. Yet, a serious investigation of its use to deal with large‐scale, complex problems has not been undertaken. This article expands on the original model and applies it to the problem of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico.Methods. An exploratory case‐study framework is used to analyze the usefulness of this second‐generation model of environmental policy. Archival data sources, in the form of media reports, congressional hearings, case histories, and organizational websites, were used to develop the case study.Results. The case study demonstrated that polycentric governance, local‐level participation, civic leadership, and voluntary, incentive‐based programs were integral components of the model of civic environmentalism. However, in the case of the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone, the model's success is limited by spatial, budgetary, and temporal factors, as well as a lack of issue salience and minimal negative impacts on fishery resources.Conclusions. In the end analysis, civic environmentalism faces significant barriers when applied to large‐scale, complex environmental problems such as the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone. In this case, the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Task Force will continue to have difficulties in generating a more successful implementation plan unless it broadens its base of support, develops the social capacity of its stakeholders, and resolves the debate over the science behind its action plan.