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Abstract
The ability to inhibit unwanted thoughts or actions is crucial for successful functioning in daily life; however, this ability is often impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders. Despite the relevance of inhibition in everyday situations, current models of inhibition are rather simplistic and provide little generalizability especially in the face of clinical disorders. Thus, given the importance of inhibition for proper cognitive functioning, the need for a paradigm, which incorporates factors that will subsequently improve the current model for understanding inhibition, is of high demand. A popular paradigm used to assess motor inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, can be modified to further advance the current conceptual model of inhibitory control and thus provide a basis for better understanding different facets of inhibition. Namely, in this study, we have developed a novel version of the stop-signal task to assess how preparation (that is, whether reactive or proactive) and selectivity of the stopping behavior effect well-known time-frequency characteristics associated with successful inhibition and concomitant behavioral measures. With this innovative paradigm, we demonstrate that the selective nature of the stopping task modulates theta and motoric beta activity and we further provide the first account of delta activity as an electrophysiological feature sensitive to both manipulations of selectivity and preparatory control.
Highlights
The role of executive functions and cognitive control in successful human behavior and adaptation is crucial
BEHAVIORAL RESULTS An interaction among SELECTIVITY and PREPARATION demonstrated that response rate (RR) were significantly lower under proactive selective stopping conditions (F(1,19) = 36.44, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.591; see Figure 2A)
Mean for go reaction-times (goRTs), RR, stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) across the four conditions, as well as the stopping-interference RT measure for reactive and proactive stopping under selective conditions
Summary
The role of executive functions and cognitive control in successful human behavior and adaptation is crucial. The stop-signal task is a popular paradigm utilized to assess reactive inhibitory mechanisms, in which participants must make a motor response (i.e., button press) to go-signals on go trials and must withhold this response when infrequently presented stop-signals, appearing after a delay (stop-signal delay “SSD”), are displayed on stop trials This basic version of the stop-signal paradigm is thought to elicit outright or reactive stopping to an unexpected stimulus; it has recently been proposed that, based on the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) framework (Braver, 2012), cognitive control operates via two modes of preparation: proactively and reactively (Aron, 2011). Under proactive control conditions, subjects adapt their behavior in a goal-oriented fashion, similar to the holding your horses analogy of inhibition; whereas, the rather abrupt reactive control mode is more akin to a deer in the headlights metaphor, which refers to the immediate stopping in reaction to an unexpected stimulus
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