Abstract
The question how intergroup bias can be alleviated is of much theoretical and practical interest. Whereas diversity training and the multiculturalism ideology are two approaches prominent in practice, most theoretical models on reducing intergroup bias are based on social-identity theory and self-categorization theory. This social-identity perspective assumes that similar processes lead to intergroup bias in very different intergroup contexts if people identify with the respective social groups. A recent prominent model based on these theories is the ingroup-projection model. As this model assumes, an ingroup’s norms and standards are applied to outgroups included in a common superordinate category (this is called ingroup projection). Intergroup bias results because the outgroup fulfils these norms and standards less than the ingroup. Importantly, if the diversity of the superordinate category is induced as the norm, ingroup projection and thus intergroup bias should be reduced. The present research delineates and tests how general this process is. We propose that ingroup prototypicality is not only an outcome variable, as the ingroup-projection model originally assumes, but can also be an important moderator. We hypothesize that for members considering their ingroup highly prototypical (“pars pro toto”, large majorities), the superordinate group’s diversity may question their ingroup’s position and thus elicit threat and intergroup bias. In contrast, for members who consider their group as less prototypical (one among several, or “una inter pares” groups), activating diversity should, as originally assumed in the ingroup-projection model, reduce intergroup bias. Three experiments (total N = 345) supported these predictions in the contexts of groups defined by gender or nationality. Taken together, the ingroup-projection model can explain under which conditions activating superordinate-category diversity induces tolerance, and when it may backfire. We discuss in how far the ingroup-projection model can integrate conflicting findings on the multiculturalism ideology.
Highlights
IntroductionEffective ways of reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations are core themes of social psychology
How can intergroup bias be alleviated? Effective ways of reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations are core themes of social psychology
The present findings are in line with the analysis we presented in the introduction of this paper that one such moderator is whether one perceives to belong to an ingroup that essentially represents the superordinate category, or not
Summary
Effective ways of reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations are core themes of social psychology. Much socialpsychological research has developed models aiming to alter the level at which individuals categorize themselves and others, for example, the decategorization model [3] and the common ingroup-identity model (see [4]) (for a review, see [5]). Potential drawbacks related to each of these strategies have been identified, at the core of which is that individuals value their group identities [6] on an adequate level of abstraction [7]. Highly identified White Americans reported increased prejudice after multiculturalism was activated [15]
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