Abstract

Apples in the commercial food chain are harvested up to two weeks before maturity. We explore apple fruit development through the growing season to establish the point at which physical features differentiating those cultivars become evident. This is relevant both for the understanding of the growing process and to ensure that any identification and classification tools can be used both on ripened-on-tree and stored fruit. Current literature presents some contradictory findings on apple growth, we studied 12 apple cultivars in the Brogdale National Fruit Collection, UK over two seasons to establish patterns of growth. Fruit were sampled at regular time points throughout the growing season and four morphometrics (maximum length, maximum diameter, weight, and centroid size) were collected. These were regressed against growing degree days in order to appropriately describe the growth pattern observed. All four morphometrics were adequately described using log-log linear regressions, with adjusted R2 estimates ranging from 78.3% (maximum length) to 86.7% (weight). For all four morphometrics, a 10% increase in growing degree days was associated with a 1% increase in the morphometric. Our findings refine previous work presenting rapid early growth followed by a plateau in later stages of development and contrast with published expo-linear models. We established that apples harvested for commercial storage purposes, two weeks prior to maturity, showed only a modest decrease in size compared with ripened-on-tree fruit, demonstrating that size morphometric approaches are appropriate for classification of apple fruit at point of harvest.

Highlights

  • Describing fruit growth for apples (Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh.) is both interesting in its own merits, relevant for modern classification methods, and important for commercial fruit trade

  • As suggested by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), all four of the morphometrics are better represented by log-log linear regressions

  • In this work we explored the developmental process of apples during the growing season with respect to size morphometrics, weight, length, diameter, and centroid size

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Summary

Introduction

Describing fruit growth for apples (Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh.) is both interesting in its own merits, relevant for modern classification methods, and important for commercial fruit trade. Christodoulou et al [1] demonstrated that mature apples can be correctly classified to cultivar with a 78% accuracy using only external morphometric characters such as length, weight, or color. In countries such as the UK, the constant high demand for apples throughout the year leads to suppliers either importing fruit or harvesting it early and storing it under industrial conditions such as in controlled atmosphere or in hypobaric rooms [2,3]. Apple fruit growth funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

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