Abstract
The process of rehearsing and performing a choral piece involves numerous decisions by the conductor. One part of this decision-making is related to the sung text and includes aspects of diction that are not indicated by Western musical notation, for instance the exact instant of articulation of initial consonants. Although choices related to diction have consequences for elements such as clearness of enunciation, rhythmic precision, or intonation, only a few writings on choral conducting are explicit about them. This paper aims to discuss conductors’ choices concerning the instant of articulation of initial consonants in choral performances of works sung in German. It compares conductors’ theoretical suggestions with analyses of six recordings of Johann Sebastian Bach’s movement Trotz dem alten Drachen, BWV 227/5, and four recordings of Franz Schubert’s part-song An die Sonne, D439. Methods include analyses of writings on choral conducting, interviews with conductors, and analyses of recordings using the software programme Sonic Visualiser. Similarities are observed between the theoretical suggestions of conductors and the analysed recordings, however there are some striking differences, including conductors’ underestimations of the actual duration of consonants. Analyses of the recordings reveal that initial consonants are nearly always anticipated (i.e., articulated ahead of the beat to which they are assigned). Exceptions to this concern the plosive [kʰ] and the second consonant of a cluster on occasion. Analyses of recordings also point to the impact on timing anticipation due to the consonant’s surroundings and from the ability or otherwise for the sound of a consonant to be lengthened (i.e., its “lengthenability”). Evidence from the recordings is discussed in relation to conductors’ varying theoretical suggestions on the articulation of consonants, flagging up inconsistencies as well as considering practicalities, and providing insights for choral conductors into the nuances of consonant articulation with ramifications for conducting pedagogy and future research.
Highlights
The process of rehearsing and performing a choral piece involves numerous decisions by the conductor (Halsey, 2011). One part of this decision-making refers to the sung text and includes aspects of diction that are not indicated by Western musical notation – for instance, the exact instant of articulation of initial consonants
What happens in choral performance? Are initial consonants articulated on the beat or ahead of the beat?
In the cases of a double initial consonant, when the second consonant of a cluster is non-lengthenable, it is articulated with the instrumental attack in 58% of the cases; yet when it is lengthenable, it is articulated with the instrument(s) in only 21% of the cases. The influence of these two elements together is observed when comparing the cases of clusters preceded by a vowel or rest in which the first consonant is lengthenable and the second not, and vice versa: when the first consonant is lengthenable, the second consonant is articulated with the instrument(s) in 60% of the cases; yet when it is the second consonant which is lengthenable, it is articulated with the instrument(s) in only 5% of the cases (Table 4). Such results reveal that the anticipation of initial consonants in choral performance may be influenced by the time available for anticipating a consonant and by the potential duration of a consonant
Summary
The process of rehearsing and performing a choral piece involves numerous decisions by the conductor (Halsey, 2011). One part of this decision-making refers to the sung text and includes aspects of diction that are not indicated by Western musical notation – for instance, the exact instant of articulation of initial consonants (consonants at the beginning of a word or syllable). Only a few writings on choral conducting are explicit about possible instants of articulation of consonants As regards initial consonants in solo song performance, Sundberg and Bauer-Huppmann (2007) concluded that their instant of articulation was mostly anticipated. What happens in choral performance? Are initial consonants articulated on the beat or ahead of the beat?
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