Abstract
A Wheeler method for the evaluation of the radiation efficiency of submerged antennas within lossy media is presented and demonstrated for the first time in the literature. Extensive investigations have been devised by empirical and simulation methods. Normal-mode helical antenna (NMHA) was first designed and fabricated to exemplify a real-life application at the UHF band (0.3 to 3 GHz). The antenna under test (AUT) was evaluated within an artificial lossy material using a series of Wheeler caps featuring different radii to study the validity of this method. The error between the experimental and simulation radiation efficiency is below 3% near the theoretical radian length. The presented measurement method of radiation efficiency without any essential measurement facilities or accessories could be a promising candidate for fast and accurate evaluation for any wire-type antenna submerged within lossy media.
Highlights
Antenna radiation efficiency is an important parameter for calculating the wireless link budget and optimizing antenna structures
We propose the Wheeler method to measure the radiation efficiency of an antenna submerged in lossy media as an alternative to gain comparison methods which are carried out in the far-field
This work empirically studies the application method of the Wheeler method to achieve a breakthrough in the limitations of previous studies
Summary
Antenna radiation efficiency is an important parameter for calculating the wireless link budget and optimizing antenna structures. Various methods such as pattern integration method, the Wheeler method [5,6,7,8], radiometric method [9], and the Q–factor method [10] have been reported for measuring radiation efficiency in free-space For some applications, such as in underwater, underground, and in-body scenarios, wireless signals propagate through lossy media [11,12,13,14,15]. It is difficult to apply this approach for applications such as establishing a wireless link between implanted devices To resolve these drawbacks, a modified radiation efficiency is introduced based on the. Sci. 2021, 11, 1862 to apply this approach for applications such as establishing a wireless link between implanted devices To resolve these drawbacks, a modified radiation efficiency is introduced bostditnfaoiilstpvslaeteraeldorxnpspohcoeaneiwbpg[tiaer1htotrs6eipo,oa1tonfno7rt,tdthi2aini6eolsv,nptr2eaa7orbnd]swe.cieateHewtpr[eor1edoow6efp,fine1toehv7mlre,edt2reir6,otaa,htn2sdhru7obei]arue.mettHgemwodhoedetwfneihifienteeledvdmsdeaptretrhh,aaaertsdaohruiicueacrcgatemuilhmorsonatuedhcnreyiefftfaifiasdeccpndeaihdetwraenatricaedtiyschcitacamiautlnirsroegauatnhcdtriyfeoimaufdafcseinescotdtiwoifelntlpioetcerhsbyoxttiphaamnaiirgbngeaitatdtthistomiioutoaadensnl troaodbiattaeidn tpootwalerraidniaatleldspphoewriecralinsuarlflascpehse. The radiation efficiency is maintained over the radian length range
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