Abstract
Cellular mechanisms of stress sensing and signaling represent the initial plant responses to adverse conditions. The development of high-throughput “Omics” techniques has initiated a new era of the study of plant molecular strategies for adapting to environmental changes. However, the elucidation of stress adaptation mechanisms in plants requires the accurate isolation and characterization of stress-responsive proteins. Because the functional part of the genome, namely the proteins and their post-translational modifications, are critical for plant stress responses, proteomic studies provide comprehensive information about the fine-tuning of cellular pathways that primarily involved in stress mitigation. This review summarizes the major proteomic findings related to alterations in the wheat proteomic profile in response to abiotic stresses. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of different sample preparation techniques, including subcellular protein extraction protocols, are discussed in detail. The continued development of proteomic approaches in combination with rapidly evolving bioinformatics tools and interactive databases will facilitate understanding of the plant mechanisms underlying stress tolerance.
Highlights
Wheat is one of the major food crops worldwide, and the glutens and storage proteins in wheat grain are the single greatest source of protein in the human diet (Gill et al, 2004)
The wheat genome is essentially comprised of the DNA of three different primitive species, which may explain the great capacity of wheat plants to adapt to various ecological conditions (Brenchley et al, 2012)
Because knowledge of a genomic sequence alone does not indicate how a plant interacts with the environment, and not all open reading frames correspond to a functional gene (Ribeiro et al, 2013), proteomics approaches are critical for understanding plant mechanisms of stress tolerance
Summary
Wheat is one of the major food crops worldwide, and the glutens and storage proteins in wheat grain are the single greatest source of protein in the human diet (Gill et al, 2004). To further improve wheat yields, it is necessary to develop varieties of wheat that can be managed using methods that preserve local environments and natural resources (Ribeiro et al, 2013). To meet this challenge, the integration of wheat genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics with rapidly evolving bioinformatics tools and interactive databases is required. Because knowledge of a genomic sequence alone does not indicate how a plant interacts with the environment, and not all open reading frames correspond to a functional gene (Ribeiro et al, 2013), proteomics approaches are critical for understanding plant mechanisms of stress tolerance. The continued development and application of these proteomics techniques will provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance in wheat
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