Abstract
The English grain aphid Sitobion avenae and phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum are wheat spike colonizers. “Synergistic” effects of the coexistence of S. avenae and F. graminearum on the wheat spikes have been shown in agroecosystems. To develop genetic resistance in diverse wheat cultivars, an important question is how to discover wheat–F. graminearum interactions under S. avenae influence. In recent decades, extensive studies have typically focused on the unraveling of more details on the relationship between wheat-aphids and wheat-pathogens that has greatly contributed to the understanding of these tripartite interactions at the ecological level. Based on the scientific production available, the working hypotheses were synthesized from the aspects of environmental nutrients, auxin production, hormone signals, and their potential roles related to the tripartite interaction S. avenae–wheat–F. graminearum. In addition, this review highlights the relevance of preexposure to the herbivore S. avenae to trigger the accumulation of mycotoxins, which stimulates the infection process of F. graminearum and epidemic of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in the agroecosystems.
Highlights
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated cereals worldwide, occupying ∼240 million ha worldwide and feeding ∼40% of the world population [1]
This study aimed to reduce the massive yield losses and serious health concerns caused by Fusarium head blight (FHB) and focused on understanding the biosynthesis and regulation of the mycotoxin DON and its derivatives produced by F. graminearum [21, 22]
GH3.11 conjugates the amino acid isoleucine (Ile) to jasmonic acid (JA), forming JA-Ile conjugation, thereafter activating the JA-dependent signaling pathways [100]. When it referred to the wheat– F. graminearum interactions under S. avenae influence, the phytohormones JA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) acted interdependently through the complex synergistic interactions to fine-tune their host defense responses
Summary
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated cereals worldwide, occupying ∼240 million ha worldwide and feeding ∼40% of the world population [1]. The extensive accumulation of IAA may attenuate the SA-dependent responses, possibly by activating the expression of JA biosynthesis-related genes and JA-regulated defense genes (Figures 2, 3), such as AOS, LOX2 (lipoxygenase 2), and FIGURE 3 | Potential strategies during the first few days of F. graminearum infection (biotrophic phase) in wheat continuously infested by S. avenae. GH3.11 conjugates the amino acid isoleucine (Ile) to JA, forming JA-Ile conjugation, thereafter activating the JA-dependent signaling pathways [100] When it referred to the wheat– F. graminearum interactions under S. avenae influence, the phytohormones JA and IAA acted interdependently through the complex synergistic interactions to fine-tune their host defense responses. The wheat plants or F. graminearum strains defective in IAA production or signaling will be required to clarify the exact role of IAA in the pathogenesis of F. graminearum and in the tripartite interaction S. avenae–wheat– F. graminearum
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