Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal inflammatory condition where consumption of gluten induces a T-cell mediated immune response that damages the intestinal mucosa in susceptible individuals. CD affects at least 1% of the world’s population. The increasing prevalence of CD has been reported over the last few decades. However, the reason for this increase is not known so far. Certain factors such as increase in awareness and the development of advanced and highly sensitive diagnostic screening markers are considered significant factors for this increase. Wheat breeding strategies, fertilizers, and pesticides, particularly herbicides, are also thought to have a role in the increasing prevalence. However, less is known about this issue. In this review, we investigated the role of these agronomic practices in depth. Our literature-based results showed that wheat breeding, use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, and herbicides cannot be solely responsible for the increase in celiac prevalence. However, applying nitrogen fertilizers is associated with an increase in gluten in wheat, which increases the risk of developing celiac-specific symptoms in gluten-sensitive individuals. Additionally, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) techniques can edit multiple gliadin genes, resulting in a low-immunogenic wheat variety that is safe for such individuals.
Highlights
Verma et al showed that the increased accuracy of IgA anti tissue transglutaminase (tTG) ab test in comparison to IgA anti-gliadin antibody test (AGA) significantly contributes to the observed increase in the prevalence [8]
These results indicate that exposure to previously proven safe levels of glyphosate may lead to drastic alterations in the microbiome and that it may be an environmental trigger in the development of Celiac disease (CD)
An increasing pattern in the prevalence of celiac disease has been noticed in recent decades
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Verma et al showed that the increased accuracy of IgA anti tTG ab test in comparison to IgA AGA significantly contributes to the observed increase in the prevalence [8]. Especially in Asia (1.87-fold) and Africa (1.58-fold) [9] This increased consumption of wheat over the years has been correlated with the increased prevalence of CD [10,11]. Multiple studies gave evidence that to fulfill the wheat demand wheat production was increased [12,13] Due to this quality of wheat was improved. This increased amount of gluten, due to specific immunogenic epitopes, stimulates celiac-specific immunological reactions Consumption of such wheat increased the risk of developing CD, especially in genetically predisposed individuals. This article discusses different approaches to eliminate/reduce the toxic gliadin content of wheat and makes it suitable for consumption the individuals having gluten sensitivity
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