Abstract

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CRS type 1 include renal hypoperfusion due to hypotension and low cardiac output, renal congestion, maladaptive activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and the sympathetic nervous system, and inflammation [1, 2]. Recent literature has shifted from low cardiac output to venous congestion (causing increased renal backpressure and compartment syndrome) as...

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