What Really Matters in Creating Mass Mobilization, Classical Organization, or New Social Media?

Objectives The purpose of the study was to analyze and compare the nursing education on the basic nursing skills between South and North Koreas, and to understand the nursing education in North Korea so as to provide basic data for nursing education and research in Unificated Korea. Methods This study was a content analysis through qualitative and simple categorization to grasp the nursing education and nursing skills based on comparing both basic nursing textbooks in South and North Koreas. Data were collected through textbooks stored at the North Korean Resource Center under the Ministry of Unification, South Korea. Results Nursing skills in South and North Koreas were different in normal range and measurement methods for vital signs, intravenous injection, management of indwelling catheter, and type of disinfectant. For medical terms written in textbooks, English was often used in South Korea, but pure Korean and Latin were often used in North Korea. Conclusions Nursing skills described in nursing textbooks differed in North and South Korea. There were also differences in cultural, language, and ideological aspects other than nursing skills. After unification, in order to maintain the high nursing competence of the two Koreas, it is essential to integrate mutually understandable nursing skills and to develop a nursing textbook. In addition, it is significant to develop integrated nursing curriculum and teaching and learning materials in preparing to integrate the health systems in South and North Koreas.

Background: Social media use is now a central aspect of adolescent life and development. Little is known about the clinical implications of social media use in children and adolescents presenting in acute crisis for psychiatric admission. This study sought to compare the potential effects of social media use among middle and high school students on outcomes of psychiatric morbidity. It was hypothesized that among social media users, high school students would have greater psychiatric morbidity compared with middle school students. Methods: The research team extracted clinical and demographic data from adolescents (aged 12-17 years) presenting for acute psychiatric admission who also had documented social media use (N = 56). Educational status, middle school (n = 21) versus high school (n = 35), was examined as an independent variable. Psychotropic medication use, self-injurious behavior, suicide risk, and suicidal ideation were examined as dependent variables in logistic regression models. Results: High school students using social media had significantly greater predicted odds of psychotropic medication use and self-injurious behavior compared with students in middle school who used social media. High school students using social media had greater, although not statistically significant, predicted odds of suicide risk and suicidal ideation compared with middle school students using social media. Conclusions: Social media use is likely an important factor to consider in psychiatric evaluations. The present findings suggest that social media use in high school students is associated with greater psychiatric morbidity compared with middle school students. Further research could illuminate the developmental lines of social media use and age-specific risks.

We examined the associations between social media use (SMU) and school connectedness and academic performance among middle and high school students, and tested whether age, gender, and school type (i.e., middle school vs. high school) moderated these relationships. We obtained study data from the 2013 cycle of the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, a representative province-wide cross-sectional survey of students in grades 7 through 12 (N = 10,076). We performed multiple linear regression analyses to examine the nature of the association between SMU and both school connectedness and academic performance. Because school type was a significant moderator of the relationships between social media use and school connectedness, all subsequent analyses were stratified by school type. After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, subjective socioeconomic status and substance use, results showed that SMU of 2h or less per day was positively associated with high levels of school connectedness in high school students (β = 0.402; 95% CI 0.199, 0.605). However, an SMU of more than 2h per day was negatively associated with school connectedness in middle school students (β = - 0.393; 95% CI - 0.649, - 0.137) and with academic performance in both middle school (β = - 0.153; 95% CI - 0.299, - 0.006) and high school (β = - 0.203; 95% CI - 0.323, - 0.083) students. Results further indicated that the relationship between SMU and school connectedness in high school students significantly varied by age, with stronger associations in older students. Gender was not a significant moderator of the observed relationships. In conclusion, heavy SMU is negatively associated with school connectedness and academic performance among middle and high school students. These results suggest that adolescents should limit their SMU to no more than 2h per day.

<p>Rice is a staple food in the North and South Koreas. Rice yield is closely related to water supply including irrigation, precipitation, and soil water. Drought typically occurs due to the lack of precipitation, and prolonged drought leads to the decrease of soil water, which results in plant water stress. Drought monitoring is crucial for agricultural mitigation because it enables us to estimate rice production in a timely manner. The purpose of this study is to suggest an optimal drought index for monitoring agricultural drought over North and South Koreas. Although North and South Koreas have similar climate conditions, they have different levels of infrastructure for agriculture such as irrigation facilities. In this study, nine satellite-based drought indices were used and evaluated based on in situ measurements at weather stations including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and rice yield. Drought indices were calculated using the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) soil moisture, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Since various drought indices have been developed with their own purpose, considering the characteristics of the study area under investigation, their applications for other regions are relatively limited. Thus, comparison of various drought indices is needed to identify an optimal drought index for a certain area. The measurable objectives of this research were to 1) compare the characteristics of drought depending on the properties of drought indices such as temperature, vegetation, precipitation, and soil moisture and 2) evaluate various drought indices using SPIs and rice yield data. The performance of the drought indices was evaluated using correlation coefficient values (R) for reference data (i.e., SPI and rice yield). As expected, drought indices including NDVI showed positive relationships with rice yield in both regions (averaged R=0.37). Meanwhile, temperature based drought indices showed negative relationships with rice yield in both regions because high temperature means high solar radiation, which is essential to rice production. While the correlation coefficient between precipitation based indices and rice yield was positive in North Korea (averaged R=0.34), it was negative in South Korea (averaged R=-0.26). The opposite pattern by area is because South Korea (117,457 irrigation Canals) has more artificial controls over agricultural land such as irrigation facilities and reservoirs than North Korea (51,400 irrigation Canals).</p>

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; if current smoking rates continue, 5.6 million Americans aged <18 years who are alive today are projected to die prematurely from smoking-related disease. Tobacco use and addiction mostly begin during youth and young adulthood. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2015 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine the prevalence and trends of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], hookahs [water pipes used to smoke tobacco], pipe tobacco, and bidis [small imported cigarettes wrapped in a tendu leaf]) among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. In 2015, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle (5.3%) and high (16.0%) school students. During 2011-2015, significant increases in current use of e-cigarettes and hookahs occurred among middle and high school students, whereas current use of conventional tobacco products, such as cigarettes and cigars decreased, resulting in no change in overall tobacco product use. During 2014-2015, current use of e-cigarettes increased among middle school students, whereas current use of hookahs decreased among high school students; in contrast, no change was observed in use of hookahs among middle school students, use of e-cigarettes among high school students, or use of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, pipe tobacco, or bidis among middle and high school students. In 2015, an estimated 4.7 million middle and high school students were current tobacco product users, and, therefore, continue to be exposed to harmful tobacco product constituents, including nicotine. Nicotine exposure during adolescence, a critical period for brain development, can cause addiction, might harm brain development, and could lead to sustained tobacco product use among youths. Comprehensive and sustained strategies are warranted to prevent and reduce the use of all tobacco products among U.S. youths.

Throughout the post-World War 2 history, Japan has looked on as a passive observer of the events happening in the Korean peninsular despite the peninsula’s geographical proximity and undeniable importance for her security. Neither the outbreak nor results of the Korean War, for example, were influenced by Japan’s action. She was not able to change the continuos division and conflicting relations between North (the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and South (the Republic of Korea) Koreas either. Other major neighbors, namely the US, the former Soviet Union, and China, played more active roles and had certain responsibilities in the establishment of the peninsula’s present situation. Even after the size of Japan’s economy, an important potential political power source, became undeniably huge and the basic character of international system, namely the Cold War situation, was changed, this impression of Japan’s passive, if not nonexistent, Korea policy has not changed much. To be exact, Japan played no minor role in South Korea’s achievement in becoming one of Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) through her provision of official developmental assistance (ODA) and private investment. But Japan’s ODA to South Korea was often either a response to American requests for strategic aid or, by building infrastructure, a foundation by which Japanese industry advanced on the South Korean market. Therefore, if Japan contributed to the economic growth of South Korea, it was a byproduct rather than the result of a grand strategy for the peninsular. When we turn attention to North Korea, Japan’s appearance has been even less visible. She did not earnestly attempt to draw North Korean society out of its isolation. Through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the Japanese

ABSTRACTThe Park Geun-hye administration in South Korea indicates that the engagement policy towards North Korea lacked reciprocity in terms of inter-Korean relations even if it emphasized inter-Korean cooperation. On the other hand, South Korea’s hard-line policy towards the North lacked policy flexibility. Therefore, the Park Geun-hye administration recognizes that unstable inter-Korean relations have stemmed from mutual distrust. Therefore, as a solution to the issue of the Korean peninsula from a long-term perspective, the South Korean government has pursued a trust-building policy between the two Koreas and expects to create a different environment.The purpose of this paper is to analyse how this trust-building policy between the two Koreas has been implemented and how North Korea has reacted to the new South Korean policy towards them. The goal of this analysis is to infer specific strategies or alternatives to achieving better inter-Korean relations. This study looks at South and North Koreas’ policies towards each other and mutual perceptions based on the policy analyses. With a focus on issues and circumstances in inter-Korean relations since the inauguration of the Park Geun-hye administration, we attempt to identify implementation tasks relevant to the Park administration’s policy towards North Korea and contribute to better inter-Korean relations.

Social media use has become ubiquitous among schoolchildren. This study examined the association of social media use and posting regret with self-esteem among middle and high school students, and tested whether school type (i.e., middle vs. high school) could moderate these associations. Data on 6944 schoolchildren (mean age: 15.2 ± 1.8years) were derived from the 2019 cycle of the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey, a biennial repeated cross-sectional survey of students in grades 7 through 12 across Ontario, Canada. Students self-reported time spent using social media, regret of posting on social media, and their self-esteem. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, subjective socioeconomic status, ethnoracial background, and body mass index z-score. The proportional odds model showed that middle (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.65-3.36) and high school (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.44-2.06) students with daily social media use of 5h or more have higher odds of lower self-esteem across the categories of self-esteem. However, daily use of 3 to 4h was associated with lower self-esteem among middle school students (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.14-2.04), but notamong their high school counterparts (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.94-1.35). Posting regret was associated with lower self-esteem in high school students, but not inmiddle school students. Results suggest that heavy social media use and posting regret are associated with lower self-esteem among adolescents, and that younger students could be more vulnerable than their older counterparts.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States, and nearly all tobacco use begins during youth and young adulthood (1,2). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2017 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS)* to determine patterns of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students and estimate use nationwide. Among high school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 24.2% (estimated 3.69 million users) in 2011 to 19.6% (2.95 million) in 2017. Among middle school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 7.5% (0.87 million) in 2011 to 5.6% (0.67 million) in 2017. In 2017, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used tobacco product among high (11.7%; 1.73 million) and middle (3.3%; 0.39 million) school students. During 2016-2017, decreases in current use of hookah and pipe tobacco occurred among high school students, while decreases in current use of any tobacco product, e-cigarettes, and hookah occurred among middle school students. Current use of any combustible tobacco product, ≥2 tobacco products, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and bidis did not change among middle or high school students during 2016-2017. Comprehensive and sustained strategies can help prevent and reduce the use of all forms of tobacco products among U.S. youths (1,2).

Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When Using Online Digital References

In the 1960s, South Korea, like Tanzania, was one of the poorest countries in the world. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, South Korea was one the richest countries in the world, a turnaround that was marked by South Korea gaining entry in 1996 as the 29th member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development a group of the worlds richest countries. Tanzania, meanwhile, remains economically underdeveloped and the countrys level of human development remains among the lowest in the world. The successful transformation of South Koreas political economy resulted in strong advocacy for broad application of the South Korean model of economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, with prescriptions generally focused on the role played by culture, export-led growth, and sound macroeconomic policies in the South Korean experience. In this dissertation, I posit that the combination of policy choices notwithstanding, policy origins operationalized as the internal or external source of a particular policy may have played an important role in South Koreas economic development process, and that this dynamic is worthy of consideration with respect to economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. I explore this hypothesis through case studies of South Korea and Tanzania. I establish and define four criteria for evaluating policy origins, and conclude that while economic development experiences of the two countries do not offer irrefutable support of my proposed theory, they suggest the existence of a relationship between policy origins and economic development. I outline recommendations for further research on the effect of policy origins on economic development.

While South Korea’s highly digitized economy makes it an attractive target for hackers with diverse motivations, a unique aspect of the country is its hostile and tense relationship with North Korea, which has special implications for the CS. While the government and private sector initiatives have contributed to South Korea’s success in improving connectivity and making fast and universal access to the citizens, North Korea has focused its efforts in building advanced cyber-warfare capabilities. North Korea has been able to exert its cyber power over South Korea by being able to engage in a number of high profile cyber-attacks. Moreover, due to its extremely low degree of digitization, North Korea has more to gain and less to lose from cyber-warfare. This chapter highlights South Korea’s recent initiatives and actions to enhance cyber-offense and cyber-defense capabilities. It also analyses positive and negative asymmetries of South Koreas in cyber-warfare and cyber-attacks.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the factors influencing suicidal ideation among middle and high school students in South Korea. Methods: Data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted in 2022 (n=51,850) were analyzed using a logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios for suicidal ideation risk factors. Results: Among middle school students, smoking, drinking, and other delinquent behaviors had higher odds ratios compared to those of high school students. For high school students, depression, loneliness, anxiety, and other mental health issues showed greater odds ratios than in middle school students. The findings highlight developmental differences in suicidal ideation risk profiles between middle and high school students. Targeted prevention and intervention strategies tailored to each age group are recommended. Conclusion: Despite the narrow age range, this study revealed distinct patterns of suicidal ideation risk factors among adolescents in their early and late teens. Schools and policymakers should consider these differences when designing suicide prevention programs.

South Korea and North Korea have restricted normal people’s contact for about 60 years in accordance with the National Security Law and the Law for Mutual Trade and Cooperation between South and North Korea since ceasefire in 1953.<BR> The South Korean society has developed economy carried out exchanges with other countries, and with growing foreign workers and multicultural families it can approach various cultures all over the world.<BR> In addition, the South Korean has respected individuals’ value and diversity since the pro-democracy movement of the 1980s while the North Korean society has made an idol of father and son Kim Il-sung and Kim Jung-il under the pretext of Juche Idea with isolation from the national community. The two Koreas has not communicated with each other under the different political system for 60 years, so there are concerns regarding heterogenization between South Korea and North Korea and the solutions to restore inter-Korean homogeneity are discussed.<BR> This study looked into possibility to supply and develop unification cultural contents for restoring inter-Korean cultural homogeneity through the compilation cases of Digital Encyclopedia of Hangsan Culture.<BR> Digital Encyclopedia of Hangsan Culture is very meaningful academically to summarize and provide North Korea’s local culture information, and at the same time understand North and South Koreas that are divided for 60 years as well as restore homogeneity. Moreover, Digital Encyclopedia of Hyangsan Culture is the material with summarized cultural asses in North Korea in order for normal people to approach easily. It is regarded to have very high competiveness as a unification culture contents to restore inter-Korean homogeneity.

Maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) is a tentative new Polerovirus, which was recently identified from maize (Zea mays) in China (Chen et al. 2016). MaYMV has also been reported to infect sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and itch grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis), and it has been reported in Asia, Africa and South America (Goncalves et al. 2017; Palanga et al. 2017; Yahaya et al. 2017). In this study, MaYMV was detected in Panicum miliaceum and Sorghum bicolor using Illumina HiSeq2500 system by Theragen Etex Bio Institute (Suwon, Korea) and SG-VIPdb by SeqGenesis (Daejeon, Korea), as described by Lim et al. (2015). Twenty samples of P. miliaceum and sixty three samples of S. bicolor were collected from July to September and from June to October, 2016, respectively, in South Korea. The high-throughput RNA sequencing of the samples mixed into one pool resulted in a single large contig (5606-nt) with nearly complete MaYMV genome coverage. The contig was assembled from a total of 234,537 reads; the maximum, minimum...