Abstract

In order to build scenarios of possible futures and grasp the structural liabilities and tendencies of global financial markets, we do not need just historical analogies to past crises and collapses but also a conceptual-theoretical model that explains the characteristic mechanisms of financial markets. Firstly, I summarise the neoclassical understanding of financial markets and its characteristic effects. This understanding gave ex post legitimisation to the re-emergence of global finance in the early 1970s, and has subsequently justified and encouraged its rise to predominance in the world economy. I provide reasons to suspect that the orthodox account is misleading not only because it has been unable to anticipate the 2008–2009 crisis (or any other major crisis) but more fundamentally because it lacks insight even into the basic operations of financial markets. Secondly, I sketch an explanatory model of the 2008–2009 financial crisis, based on Keynes and Minsky as well as on concepts derived from Schumpeter, chaos theory and theory of collective action and rationality. This explanation provides the basis for two short-term scenarios of future developments, involving the possibility of a major crash in the late 2010s or around 2020; (also pathological) learning; and the emergence of green global-Keynesian policies and institutions. I conclude by suggesting that the era of neoliberalism is likely to come to an end by 2030, having lasted for about half a century. Para poder crear situaciones de posibles futuros financieros y llegar a comprender las responsabilidades legales y las tendencias de los mercados financieros globales, no necesitamos tan sólo analogías históricas de crisis y desplomes anteriores, sino también un modelo teórico conceptual que explica los mecanismos característicos de los mercados financieros. Primero, resumo el entendimiento neoclásico de los mercados financieros y sus efectos característicos. Este entendimiento dio una legitimación retrospectiva al resurgimiento de las finanzas globales a principio de la década de 1970, y subsecuentemente ha justificado e impulsado su subida al predominio en la economía mundial. Proporciono razones para sospechar que el informe ortodoxo es desorientador no sólo porque no ha sido capaz de anticipar la crisis de 2008–2009 (o ninguna otra crisis mayor), pero fundamentalmente porque carece de conocimiento profundo de las operaciones básicas de los mercados financieros. Segundo, esbozo un modelo explicativo de la crisis financiera, en base a Keynes y Minsky como en los conceptos derivados de Shumpeter, la teoría del caos y de la acción colectiva y de la racionalidad. Esta explicación provee la base para dos situaciones a corto tiempo de desarrollos futuros, incorporando la posibilidad de un desplome mayor a finales del 2010 ó alrededor del 2020; (también aprendizaje patológico); y el surgimiento de las políticas Keynesianas verdes globales y de las instituciones. Concluyo con la sugerencia que la era del neoliberalismo probablemente llegará a su fin antes de 2030, habiendo durado cerca de medio siglo.

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