What is the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis?: findings from a multi-center, prospective study

Abstract

Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is caused primarily by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Recent laboratory tools have implicated a variety of other pathogens; however, their clinical relevance has not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the etiological agents of AB affect its course. A multicenter prospective study was performed in previously healthy children <24 months of age who presented with <4 days duration of AB. Subjects were divided into the following groups: "only RSV," "also RSV," "no RSV," and "no pathogen." The clinical severity score on admission as well as the overall severity of disease was assessed. RSV was the most common cause of AB (77.5 %). "Only RSV" or "also RSV" patients had a higher clinical score on admission compared to those with "no RSV," p < 0.001 and p < 0.02, respectively. "Only RSV" and "also RSV" patients had a higher disease severity score when compared to patients with "no RSV," 5.9 ± 1.4 vs. 5.1 ± 1.5, p < 0.001, and 5.6 ± 1.4 vs. 5.1 ± 1.5, p < 0.02, respectively. Disease severity did not vary as a function of transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or duration of supplemental oxygen, yet, "only RSV" was associated with a longer length of stay (LOS) than "no RSV," p < 0.02. "Only RSV"-related AB was associated with a more severe initial clinical presentation and a longer LOS. There appears to be little immediate clinical benefit to diagnosing RSV AB to the individual patient, but the application of these diagnostic methods may have significant cost-saving implications and, thus, deserves consideration by medical professionals and health policy analysts.