Abstract
Catheter-based ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established treatment option for symptomatic patients who are refractory to drug-based treatment, as implemented in the latest guidelines for the management of AF.1 The accepted and recommended cornerstone of all ablation strategies for AF is electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PV).2 However, in addition to PV isolation (PVI), ablation strategies for persistent or even long-standing persistent AF are heterogeneous.
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