What happens when you compare yourself to a model eating a cheeseburger? An experiment testing the impact of models promoting calorie-dense foods on beliefs about weight maintenance, body satisfaction, and purchase intent

Kerstin K Blomquist,Sarah P Pate,Alissa Willmerdinger,Dorothy L Schmalz

doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00335-y

Kerstin K Blomquist, Sarah P Pate + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00335-y

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Abstract

BackgroundAds depicting models promoting calorie-dense foods and beverages are ubiquitous and no known research has examined their effects on consumers. Drawing from social comparison theory, we hypothesized that participants who viewed ads with models (versus without models) would be more likely to rate models and less likely to rate themselves as able to consume the calorie-dense foods regularly and still maintain their weight/shape. We also hypothesized that participants who viewed ads with models (versus without models) would report more body dissatisfaction and, consistent with consumer research, a greater intention to purchase the product.MethodsParticipants (N = 168) were randomly assigned to view food or beverage ads with models or without models and completed self-report measures.ResultsParticipants who viewed ads without models were more likely to rate themselves and most people as able to consume calorie-dense foods regularly and maintain their weight/shape and reported a greater intention to purchase the product. Consistent with our hypotheses, participants who viewed ads with models reported increased body dissatisfaction.ConclusionsResults indicate that consumers’ perceptions of their own and others’ abilities to regularly consume calorie-dense foods and maintain their weight/shape change based on whether (or not) the calorie-dense foods are promoted by a model. Our findings reveal the nuanced negative effects of calorie-dense food ads with and without models and give insight into the psychological and potential physical health consequences that food ads can have on consumers.

Highlights

Ads depicting models promoting calorie-dense foods and beverages are ubiquitous and no known research has examined their effects on consumers
Plain English summary Advertisements depicting thin female and muscular male models promoting foods high in calories are ubiquitous, and no known research has examined their effects on consumers
To investigate the impact of models promoting highly caloric foods on consumers, we showed 168 participants a series of food ads either with models or with no models

Summary

Introduction

Ads depicting models promoting calorie-dense foods and beverages are ubiquitous and no known research has examined their effects on consumers. Drawing from social comparison theory, we hypothesized that participants who viewed ads with models (versus without models) would be more likely to rate models and less likely to rate themselves as able to consume the calorie-dense foods regularly and still maintain their weight/shape. We hypothesized that participants who viewed ads with models (versus without models) would report more body dissatisfaction and, consistent with consumer research, a greater intention to purchase the product. Advertisements frequently include models, celebrities, or athletes (referred to hereafter as models) to promote their products, and the inclusion of models has been shown to be an effective marketing strategy [7]. Research examining the psychological impact of viewing very thin or muscular images indicate that thin ideal images negatively impact female viewers’ body satisfaction [12] while muscular ideal images decrease body satisfaction in men [13, 14]

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