What drives the water exchange above sill level in the Orust-Tjörn fjord system?

Abstract

The Orust-Tjörn fjord system is located on the west coast of Sweden and consists of several fjords with many small islands. The fjord system has more than one connection to the open water, enabling a generally counterclockwise circulation through the fjords. It is home to nature reservoirs, different industries on land and aquaculture farms. It is threatened for example by hypoxic areas, invasive species, water pollution and algae blooms with the water quality strongly been influenced by the water exchange in the fjord system. Therefore it is important to understand the circulation, the state and the exchange of w­ater between the fjords system and the open water outside the fjord.Not much knowledge of the circulation inside the fjords and the drivers of the water exchange between the fjords and the open water exists. The reasons are that observations are spatially sparse and the resolution of regional ocean circulation models are generally too coarse to resolve this complex fjord system with its shallow and narrow straits between the different fjords. Therefore, we developed a setup of a coastal ocean circulation model with a horizontal resolution of 50 m to study the drivers of water exchange of the Orust-Tjörn fjord system. Within a sensitivity study a set of simulations are performed using (a) temporally constant wind forcing, (b) temporally and spatially constant sea level at the open boundaries (c) no tides, and (d) constant offshore density, i.e. temporally and spatially constant temperature and salinity profiles at the open boundaries. The simulation period is September 2016 – February 2017, which includes a high saline water inflow in October 2016. Model results compare well with observations from moored high-frequency velocity, temperature and salinity instruments as well as regular monitoring data. Results show for example that the density difference between the southern and northern entrance of the Orust-Tjörn fjord system highly influences the water exchange between the fjords and open water. This is because with constant offshore density applied, near surface velocities of the Baltic current as well as the circulation above sill level within the fjord system weakens. The timing and strength of the high-saline inflow event is most sensitive to the cases of constant winds and constant offshore densities. In general, we will present a detailed analysis of the main drivers of water exchange above sill level.