What does and should influence the number of lawyers?

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes A. Boigeol, The French Bar: the difficulties of unifying a divided profession, in: R.L. Abel & P.S.C. Lewis (Eds) Lawyers in Society, Vol. 2: The Civil Law World (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1988), ch. 7. V. Olgiati & V. Pocar, The Italian legal profession: an institutional dilemma, in: Abel & Lewis (Eds) (1988), op. cit., ch. 9. V. Jene, The legal profession in Spain: an understudied but booming occupation, in: Abel & Lewis (Eds) (1988), op. cit., ch. 10. E. Blankenburg & U. Schultz, German advocates: a highly regulated profession, in: Abel & Lewis (Eds) (1988), op. cit., ch. 3. K. Rokumoto, The present state of Japanese practicing attorneys: on the way to full professionalization?, in Abel & Lewis (Eds) (1988), op. cit., ch. 4. M.S. Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1977); M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York, The Free Press, 1947), p. 142. G. Santayana, Reason in Common Sense (Dover Publishing, 1905). Boigeol, op. cit., p. 260. K. Schuyt, The rise of lawyers in the Dutch welfare state, in: Abel & Lewis (Eds) (1988), op. cit., ch. 5, p. 201; N. Kuijpers, J. Noially & B. Vollaard, Liberalisation of the Dutch Notary Profession (CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, 2005). W. Gellhorn, Individual Freedom and Governmental Restraint (Baton Rouge, LA, Louisiana State University Press, 1956); W. Gellhorn, The abuse of occupational licensing (1976) 44 University of Chicago Law Review 6; M. Friedman, Freedom of contract and occupational licensing, 1890–1910: a legal and social study (1965) 53 California Law Review 487. D. Cumming, Why has the price of taxi medallions increased so dramatically? An analysis of the taxi medallion market (2009) 17 The Park Place Economist 12. Larson, op. cit. A. 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Ladwig-Winters, The role of Jewish lawyers in the development of law in Germany, and their subsequent destiny until 1945 (Autumn 1999) Justice 21 (journal of the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists); S. Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 37. R.L. Abel, American Lawyers (New York, Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 85–86 (hereafter AL). Ibid., p. 91. Ibid., pp. 99–108. R.L. Abel, English Lawyers between Market and State: The Politics of Professionalism (New York, Oxford University Press, 2003), ch. 4 (hereafter ELMS). Royal Commission on Legal Services, I Final Report 28, 30 (1979). T. Parsons, A sociologist looks at the legal profession, in: Essays in Sociological Theory (New York, The Free Press, 1964); T. Parsons, The professions and social structure, in: Ibid.; T. Parsons, Professions (1968) 12 International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences 536; A. Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1988). S. Van der Sprenkel, Legal Institutions in Manchu China: A Sociological Analysis (Oxford, Berg Publishers, 1962). R.L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 465, Table 3.2 (hereafter LPEW). I have argued that the AMA's success in restricting the supply of doctors explains the American invasion of Grenada in 1983. President Reagan justified it in significant part as necessary to rescue Americans who were in medical school there – because they could not obtain places in the US. Abel, AL, ch. 3. Ibid., p. 254, Table 5. A. Hartocollis, NYU and other medical schools offer shorter course in training, for less tuition, New York Times, 23 December 2012. D.B. Rodriguez & S. Estreicher, Make law schools earn a third year, New York Times, 17 January 2013. 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Stevens, Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill, NC, The University of North Carolina Press, 1983), pp. 75, 80. M. Sauder & R. Lancaster, Do rankings matter? The effects of US News & World Report rankings on the admission process of law schools (2006) 40 Law & Society Review 105. D.C. Weiss, No fudging: revised standard bars law schools from publishing misleading consumer information, ABA.com, 6 August 2012); B. Trachtenberg, Law school marketing and legal ethics (forthcoming 2013) Nebraska Law Review; P. Campos, The crisis of the American law school (2012) 46 Michigan Journal of Law Reform 177. D.C. Weiss, About half of law schools surveyed have cut first-year enrollment, ABA.com, 19 January 2012. Medicine, as always, offers an illuminating comparison. See D. Blumenthal, New steam from an old cauldron – the physician-supply debate (2004) 350 New England Journal of Medicine 1780. B. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press, 2012); R.N. Jonakait, The two hemispheres of legal education and the rise and fall of local law schools (2006/07) 51 New York Law School Law Review 862; but see Chambliss, It's not about us: beyond the job market critique of US law schools (forthcoming 2013). A.Z. Reed, Training for the Public Profession of the Law (New York, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1921); Abel, AL, p. 46. G. Bellow, Turning solutions into problems (1977) 34(4) NLADA Briefcase. D. Duman, The English and Colonial Bars in the Nineteenth Century (Croom Helm, 1983), p. 80. H.H. Gerth & C.W. Mills (Eds) From Max Weber (London, Routledge, 1964), pp. 241–242. Abel, LPEW, pp. 41–42. Abel, AL, p. 103; Abel, ELMS, ch. 4. Abel, AL, p. 267, Table 16. Ibid., p. 270, Table 18. Ibid., p. 269, Table 17. D.J. Merritt et al., Raising the bar: a social science critique of recent increases to passing scores on the bar exam (2001) 69 Cincinnati Law Review 929. Abel, LPEW, pp. 42, 310–314, Table 1.1. Ibid., pp. 396–401, Table 2.10. Abel, LPEW, p. 149. Ibid., p. 53. A limit of two was established in eighteenth-century England. Ibid., p. 152. S. Ogilvie, Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry (2004) 58 Economic History Review 286. Abel, LPEW, pp. 155–156. NALP, Class of 2011 National Summary Report (2012). Available at: www.NALP.org/NatSummChart_Classof2011.pdf. G.B. Shaw, The Doctor's Dilemma (New York, Brentano's, 1909) (first published 1906). Adam Smith was first and just as cynical (if less epigrammatic): “People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices”. A. 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Despite the alleged litigiousness of Americans, a survey found that they had an average of just two encounters with lawyers in a lifetime. B.A. Curran, The Legal Needs of the Public (Washington, DC, ABA, 1977). While practicing in Los Angeles, Richard Nixon charged a client $25,000 for advising that it would be safe to invest in France as long as de Gaulle was in power – something easily learned from the newspapers. The ex-vice president justified his fee by explaining that it would allow the client to boast: “as my lawyer, Dick Nixon, said to me the other day …”. P. Hoffman, Lions in the Street (New York, Saturday Review Press, 1973), p. 100. D. Harris et al., Compensation and Support for Illness and Injury (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984); D. Hensler et al., Costs and Compensation for Accidental Injury in the United States (Santa Monica, CA, Rand Publishing, 1991). P.M. Danzon, Medical Malpractice: Theory, Evidence, and Public Policy (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985). 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