Abstract
The broad antibacterial activities of macrolides have led to their widespread use on infections, particularly for respiratory infections. Many of the macrolide-susceptible microorganisms are respiratory pathogens known to be associated with exacerbations of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis (BE) and cystic fibrosis (CF). Macrolides have been widely used to treat respiratory diseases, often beyond its acute antimicrobial use (Table 1), and they have long been accepted to show effects on inflammatory and immune cells, mucus secretion, and epithelial cell differentiation. Anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory actions, independent of their actions on bacteria, add to their therapeutic benefit in infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders, recognition that dates to the 1960s.
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