Abstract
The aim of this study is to introduce a domain-specific instrument, the Cross-Cultural Depression Coping Inventory (CCD-CI), to assess ways in which people from different cultures prefer to cope with depression. Part 1 of this paper describes the development of CCD-CI. A combined etic and emic approach in generating items was used. Principal component analysis on data from a heterogeneous sample of immigrants (N = 458) supported a three-factor solution labeled: Engagement, disengagement, and spiritual coping. In Part 2 confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to test if the factors replicated in a mixed ethnic sample of immigrants from Russia (n = 164), Poland (n = 127), Pakistan (n = 128), Somalia (n = 114), and Norwegian students (n = 248). The three-factor model fits the data well and differentiated between the ethnic groups. Most significantly, Somali followed by the Pakistani immigrants scored higher on disengagement and spiritual coping. Inspection of item-level differences showed the largest ethnic variations in coping behavior of communal or social nature. The CCD-CI factors were validated against the Vancouver Index of Acculturation. Adoption to majority culture correlated positively with engagement and negatively with spiritual Coping. Maintenance of origin culture was positively associated with both spiritual coping and disengagement. In Part 3 the construct validity of the CCD-CI was tested in relation to the Brief Cope. The magnitude of the correlations was small to moderate. Taken together results indicate that CCD-CI is a reliable and valid measure of coping strategies related to depression, suitable for adults from different ethnic groups. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization (2017), depression is the single largest contributor to global disability
Our findings indicate that respondents from Pakistan, and Somalia have a preference towards combining spiritual coping with engagement and disengagement coping, congruent with earlier research (Pargament, 2011)
The results presented in this paper suggest that Cross-Cultural Depression Coping Inventory (CCD-CI) is a culturally sensitive and valid, domainspecific coping inventory
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (2017), depression is the single largest contributor to global disability. Cross-Cultural Depression Coping Inventory some immigrant groups are less frequently referred to mental health specialists than natives (Jensen et al, 2013). Research is sparse on how different immigrant groups prefer to cope with mental health problems including depression, and how coping preferences may be related to immigrants’ acculturation orientations (Kuo, 2014; Kale and Hjelde, 2017). The present study aims to contribute to filling this methodological gap by introducing a new instrument designed to capture ethnic differences in views about efficient depression coping strategies. Cultural Differences in Preferences for Coping Strategies Earlier studies have reported cultural differences in coping preferences (Erdal et al, 2011; Kuo, 2014). Earlier studies have indicated that many immigrants in these groups have become more
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