Abstract
Both ‘moral sense’ philosophers and rational intuitionists conceived action to be virtuous only when the agent is aware of it as such and chooses to perform it freely. The moral faculty, whether sense or reason, is reflexive; and it must be operative wherever there is virtue or vice. Shaftesbury said: ‘if he [sc. the agent] cannot reflect on what he himself does … so as to take notice of what is worthy or honest … he has not the character of being virtuous.’71 Price said that ‘liberty’ and ‘intelligence’ are essentials of practical virtue.72 It is characteristic, then, of virtuous action to be approved by the moral faculty of the agent and freely chosen by his will. But what are the characteristics which engage this approbation and move to this choice?
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