Abstract
The aviation industry contributes to more than 2% of global human-induced CO2-emissions, and it is expected to increase to 3% by 2050 as demand for aviation grows. As the industry is still dependent on conventional jet fuel, an essential component for a carbon-neutral growth is low-carbon, sustainable aviation fuels, for example alternative drop-in fuels with biobased components. An optimization model was developed for the case of Sweden to examine the impacts of carbon price, blending mandates and penalty fee (for not reaching the blending mandate) on the production of renewable jet fuel (RJF). The model included biomass gasification-based Fischer–Tropsch (FT) jet fuel, Power-to-Liquid (PTL) jet fuel through the FT route and Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)-based jet fuel. Thus, this study aims at answering how combining different policies for the aviation sector can support the production of RJF in Sweden while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results demonstrate the importance of implementing policy instruments to promote the production of RJF in Sweden. The blending mandate is an effective policy to both promote RJF production while reducing emissions. The current level of the penalty fee is not sufficient to support the fuel switch to RJF. A higher blending mandate and carbon price will accelerate the transition towards renewable and sustainable fuels for the aviation industry.
Highlights
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of aviation policies in Sweden on renewable jet fuel (RJF) production in 2020–2050
In the Reference scenario (REF), the increased demand of aviation fuels is met by conventional jet fuel (CJF) and RJF
The results demonstrate the importance of implementing policy instruments to promote the production of RJF in Sweden
Summary
Fossil fuels represent the dominating energy source in the transport sector, accounting for approximately a quarter of global energy consumption. Measures such as energy efficiency, deployment of renewable fuels, and modal shifts to low-carbon alternatives have been put in place to decarbonize the transport sector [2,3]. Challenges still remain in fully transitioning into sustainable pathways as the transportation demand increases, and the sector is still highly reliant on fossil fuels, which is true for the aviation industry [4]. Accelerating the transition to renewable jet fuel becomes crucial for the industry to contribute to climate goals aiming to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Swedish climate policy framework sets the targets of reducing GHG-emissions by 63% by 2030 and 75% by 2040, compared to 1990 [6,7]
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