What Are the Determinants of Dental Care Expenditures in Institutions for Adults With Disabilities? Findings From a National Survey

Abstract

ObjectiveTo analyze the determinants of dental care expenditures in institutions for adults with disabilities. DesignHealth and disability survey and insurance database. SettingInstitutional setting. ParticipantsAdults (N=2222) living in institutions for people with cognitive, sensory, and mobility disabilities. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresWe used a Heckman selection model to correct for potential sample selection bias due to the high percentage of non–dental care users. The Heckman selection model is a 2-step statistical approach based on the simultaneous estimation of 2 multiple regression models–a selection equation (step 1) and an outcome equation (step 2)–offering a means of correcting for nonrandomly selected samples. The selection equation modeled whether the individual had consulted a dentist at least once, whereas the outcome equation explained the dental care expenditures. Disability severity was assessed by scoring mobility and cognitive functional limitations. Regressions also included sociodemographic characteristics and other health-related variables. ResultsIndividuals with the highest cognitive limitation scores, without family visits, without supplementary health insurance, and with poor oral health status were less likely to consult a dentist. After controlling for potential selection bias, the only variable that remained statistically significant in the outcome equation was the oral health status: when individuals with poor health status had consulted at least once, they had a higher level of dental care expenditure. ConclusionsFunctional limitations were barriers to accessing dental care even in institutions for adult with disabilities. These barriers should be overcome because they may worsen their oral health status and well-being. Given the lack of literature on this specific topic, our results are important from a policy perspective. Health authorities should be alerted by these findings.