Abstract
The isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose presents a key transformation in the concept of cellulose valorization. Herein, we considered the isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose and the reverse reaction in the presence of MgO, CaO, SrO, and Ba(OH)2 as catalysts. Our results suggest homogeneous catalysis by hydroxide ions OH– released by partial dissolution of the materials. MgO (pKsp 9.8) steadily generates OH– during reaction, whereas more soluble CaO (pKsp 5.3), SrO (pKsp 3.2), and Ba(OH)2 (pKsp 3.6) induce alkalinity directly upon immersion into the reaction solution. Very similar conversion-selectivity plots were obtained during isomerization in presence of the different metal (hydro)oxides indicating the common catalytically active species OH–. The applicability of filtration tests and contact tests to estimate the contributions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis is comprehensively evaluated. For isomerization catalyzed by bases, deceptive results of these tests owing to in situ generation of hydroxide ions can be obtained.
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