Abstract

Within the last decade considerable concern has been expressed about increasing commuting times and their associated negative effects on traffic congestion and air pollution within metropolitan areas. The links between commuting time and low-density, dispersed urban forms have emerged as culprits, with attention often focused on how to reshape cities in ways that can help reduce these problems. The idea of creating a balance between jobs and housing within different commuting catchment areas of a city has been prominent for some time in academia, as well with policy makers, as an urban and transportation policy for reducing these problems. The concept of jobs–housing balance states that all areas of a city should have sufficient housing for employees near employment concentrations, and vice versa.

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