Abstract
BackgroundAcinetobacter baumannii ability to develop and acquire resistance makes it one of the most critical nosocomial pathogens globally. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied to identify the acquired or mutational variants of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in 85 German A. baumannii strains utilizing Illumina technology. Additionally, the whole genome of 104 German isolates deposited in the NCBI database was investigated.ResultsIn-silico analysis of WGS data revealed wide varieties of acquired AMR genes mediating resistance mostly to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides. In the 189 analyzed genomes, the ant (3″)-IIa conferring resistance to aminoglycosides was the most frequent (55%), followed by blaADC.25 (38.6%) conferring resistance to cephalosporin, blaOXA-23 (29%) and the blaOXA-66 variant of the intrinsic blaOXA-51-likes (26.5%) conferring resistance to carbapenems, the sul2 (26%) conferring resistance to sulfonamides, the tet. B (19.5%) conferring resistance to tetracycline, and mph. E and msr. E (19%) conferring resistance to macrolides. blaTEM variants conferring resistance to cephalosporins were found in 12% of genomes. Thirteen variants of the intrinsic blaOXA-51 carbapenemase gene, blaOXA-510 and blaADC-25 genes were found in isolates obtained from dried milk samples.ConclusionThe presence of strains harboring acquired AMR genes in dried milk raises safety concerns and highlights the need for changes in producing dried milk. Acquired resistance genes and chromosomal gene mutation are successful routes for disseminating AMR determinants among A. baumannii. Identification of chromosomal and plasmid-encoded AMR in the genome of A. baumannii may help understand the mechanism behind the genetic mobilization and spread of AMR genes.
Highlights
Acinetobacter baumannii ability to develop and acquire resistance makes it one of the most critical nosocomial pathogens globally
The analysis of the downloaded 104 whole-genome of A. baumannii deposited at the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) indicates that the strains harbored genes mediating resistance to ten antimicrobial agent groups, including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, phenicoles, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, macrolides, streptothricin, bleomycin and rifampicin
The current study is focusing on the detection of acquired AMR genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of 85 A. baumannii strains that were isolated from humans and dried milk samples in Germany and extraction of the relevant information from another 104 genomes of A. baumannii submitted to the NCBI from different laboratories across Germany
Summary
Acinetobacter baumannii ability to develop and acquire resistance makes it one of the most critical nosocomial pathogens globally. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied to identify the acquired or mutational variants of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in 85 German A. baumannii strains utilizing Illumina technology. The emergence of MDR A. baumannii strains resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin is on the rise in hospital settings globally and complicates the treatment [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified A. baumannii among the most dangerous MDR pathogens worldwide. It is considered one of the critical pathogens that need developing new antibiotics [3, 4]. The current knowledge on antibiotic resistance in strains collected from non-humans origin is scarce [10]
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