Abstract

Additive manufacturing technology is the process in which material is manufactured using different additive processes. There are many additive processes such as Stereo lithography (SLA), Selective laser sintering (SLS), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), etc. FDM is most popular additive manufacturing process in which parts are manufactured in layers. Among all additive manufacturing technology, FDM process is the most versatile additive manufacturing process due to low cost, flexibility, broad range in material, low time consumption and accessibility. FDM process is the most economical process compare to other additive manufacturing processes. A study of wettability is basically depending on the process parameter such as layer thickness, build orientation, print speed and post processing method. In this research work, wettability of 3D printed PLA parts have been investigated at different raster angles.Additive manufacturing technology is the process in which material is manufactured using different additive processes. There are many additive processes such as Stereo lithography (SLA), Selective laser sintering (SLS), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), etc. FDM is most popular additive manufacturing process in which parts are manufactured in layers. Among all additive manufacturing technology, FDM process is the most versatile additive manufacturing process due to low cost, flexibility, broad range in material, low time consumption and accessibility. FDM process is the most economical process compare to other additive manufacturing processes. A study of wettability is basically depending on the process parameter such as layer thickness, build orientation, print speed and post processing method. In this research work, wettability of 3D printed PLA parts have been investigated at different raster angles.

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Full Issue Download Vol. 13 No. 1 2021 The Importance of the Measurement Infrastructure in Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic Richard J. C. Brown , Fiona Auty, Eugenio Renedo, Mike King NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.1 Publisher NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 18-21 Abstract: This paper describes the many, evidenced-based benefits to the economy of a well-developed measurement infrastructure. In particular, it explains how assuring confidence in measurement may be used to accelerate economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic including in emerging sectors such as the digital economy. Recommendations are made for providing near term support for national economic recovery whilst also demonstrating the advantages of sustained development of the measurement infrastructure in the medium-term to maximize the potential of future innovative and disruptive technologies. These recommendations, whilst focused on consideration of the UK, should apply globally. References: [1] G. Tassey, "Underinvestment in public good technologies," J Technol. Transfer, Vol. 30, pp. 89-113, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-004-4360-0 [2] M. King, and E. Renedo, "Achieving the 2.4% GDP target: The role of measurement in increasing investment in R&D and innovation," NPL Report IEA 3, NPL, Teddington, UK, March 2020. [3] M. King and G. Tellett, "The National Measurement System: A Customer Survey for Three of the Core Labs in the National Measurement System," NMS Customer Survey Report 2018, NPL Teddington, UK, April 2020 [4] H. Kunzmann, T. Pfeifer, R. Schmitt, H. Schwenke, and A.Weckenmann, "Productive metrology-adding value to manufacture," CIRP Annals, vol. 54, pp. 155-168, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60024-9 [5] N. G. Orji, R. G. Dixson, A. Cordes, B. D. Bunday, and J. A. Allgair, "Measurement traceability and quality assurance in a nanomanufacturing environment," Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanomanufacturing III, Proceedings Vol. 7405, 740505, August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826606 [6] Belmana, Analysis for Policy "Public Support for Innovation and Business Outcomes," Belmana: London, UK, 2020. [7] R. Hawkins, Standards, systems of innovation and policy in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019. [8] N. Nwaigbo, and M. King, "Evaluating the Impact of the NMS Consultancy Projects on Supported Firms (Working Paper)" NPL, Teddington, UK, 2020. [9] M. King, R. Lambert, and P. Temple, Measurement, standards and productivity spillovers in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2017, p. 162. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470082.00016 [10] A. Font, K. de Hoogh, M. Leal-Sanchez, D. C. Ashworth, R. J. C. Brown, A. L. Hansell, and G. W. Fuller, "Using metal ratios to detect emissions from municipal waste incinerators in ambient air pollution data," Atmos. Environ., vol. 113, pp. 177-186, July 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.002 [11] S. Giannis, M. R. L. Gower, G. D. Sims, G. Pask, and G. Edwards, "Increasing UK competitiveness by enhancing the composite materials regulatory infrastructure," NPL Report MAT 90, NPL, Teddington, UK, October 2019. [12] HM Government, UK Research and Development Roadmap, BEIS, London, July 2020. [13] M. R. Mehra, S. S. Desai, F. Ruschitzka, and A. N. Patel, "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis," Lancet, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) ©2021 NCSL International Smart Power Supply Calibration System Iraj Vasaeli , Brandon Umansky NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.2 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 22-27 Abstract: This paper details the development of an automated procedure to conduct calibrations of power supplies at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL). The fundamentals of power supply calibrations are given, and discussion on the method by which this custom software handles that calibration. Additionally, this technique provides real time uncertainty quantification of the calibrations. This automated system has demonstrated a time savings over existing automated techniques in use today. References: [1] Keysight, "Low-Profile Modular Power System Series N6700 Service Guide", Part Number: 5969 2938, Edition 7, January 2015. [2] B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, "Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results", NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1297 [3] JCGM, "Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement," first edition (GUM 1995 with minor corrections)," JCGM 100, 2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017 Hau Wah Lai , Cho Man Tsui , Hing Wah Li NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 28-39 Abstract: This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters. References: [1] T. Williams, and K. Armstrong, "EMC for Systems and Installations Part 6 - Low-Frequency Magnetics Fields (Emissions and Immunity) Mains Dips, Dropouts, Interruptions, Sags, Brownouts and Swells," EMC Compliance Journal, August 2000. [2] M.I. Montrose, and E. M. Nakauchi, Testing for EMC Compliance: Approaches and Techniques, Wiley Interscience, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/047164465X [3] International Standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017:Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests. [4] Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, First Edition JCGM 100:2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Validation of the Photometric Method Used for Micropipette Calibration Elsa Batista , Isabel Godinho, George Rodrigues, Doreen Rumery NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.4 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 40-45 Abstract: There are two methods generally used for calibration of micropipettes: the gravimetric method described in ISO 8655-6:2002 and the photometric method described in ISO 8655-7:2005. In order to validate the photometric method, several micropipettes of different capacities from 0.1 µL to 1000 µL were calibrated using both methods (gravimetric and photometric) in two different laboratories, IPQ (Portuguese Institute for Quality) and Artel. These tests were performed by six different operators. The uncertainty for both methods was determined and it was verified that the uncertainty component that has a higher contribution to the final uncertainty budget depends on the volume delivered. In the photometric method for small volumes, the repeatability of the pipette is the largest uncertainty component, but for volumes, larger than 100 µL, the photometric instrument is the most significant source of uncertainty. Based on all the results obtained with this study, one may consider the photometric method validated. References: [1] ISO 8655-1/2/6/7, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus, 2002. [2] BIPM, International Vocabulary of Metrology, 3rd edition, JCGM 200:2012. [3] George Rodrigues, Bias and transferability in standards methods of pipette calibration, Artel, June 2003. [4] Taylor, et.al. The definition of primary method of measurement (PMM) of the 'highest metrological quality': a challenge in understanding and communication, Accred. 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(Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Material Flow Rate Estimation in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing G. P. Greeff NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.5 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 46-56 Abstract: The additive manufacturing of products promises exciting possibilities. Measurement methodologies, which measure an in-process dataset of these products and interpret the results, are essential. However, before developing such a level of quality assurance several in-process measurands must be realized. One of these is the material flow rate, or rate of adding material during the additive manufacturing process. Yet, measuring this rate directly in material extrusion additive manufacturing presents challenges. This work presents two indirect methods to estimate the volumetric flow rate at the liquefier exit in material extrusion, specifically in Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication. The methods are cost effective and may be applied in future sensor integration. The first method is an optical filament feed rate and width measurement and the second is based on the liquefier pressure. Both are used to indirectly estimate the volumetric flow rate. The work also includes a description of linking the G-code command to the final print result, which may be used to create a per extrusion command model of the part. References: [1] T. Wohlers, I. Campbell, O. Diegel, J. Kowen, I. Fidan, and D.L. Bourell, "Wohlers Report 2017: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report," 2017. [2] Additive manufacturing -- General principles -- Terminology. Geneva, CH: International Organization for Standardization, 2015. [3] R. 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