Abstract
Abstract Due to diverse mineral composition and complex lithology, mixed shale oil reservoir wettability features and the associated controlling factors remain unclear, limiting the evaluation of the oil-bearing property and sweet spot distribution. This paper examined mixed shale oil samples from the Jimusar Sag in the Lucaogou Formation. Casting thin sections, X-ray diffraction, geochemical characteristics, argon ion polishing scanning electron microscope, and high pressure mercury injection were used to analyze lithologic characteristics, mineral compositions, and pore-throat structures within the mixed shale oil reservoir. Using spontaneous imbibition and nuclear magnetic resonance, the wettability characteristics were analyzed. Impacts of organic matter abundance, mineral composition, pore-throat structure, and source-reservoir combination on wettability were discussed. The Lucaogou mixed shale oil reservoir primarily contains intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, and intercrystalline pores. Three types of mercury intrusion cures were observed, including a weak platform shape (type I), gentle straight line shape (type II), and upward convex shape (type III), corresponding to intergranular, dissolved, and dissolved-intercrystalline dominant pore-throat systems, respectively. Mixed shale oil reservoirs show dual wet properties, containing both oil-wet and water-wet pores. Oil-wet pores (large pores with T2>1 ms) are more common and have better connectivity than water-wet pores (small pores with T2<1 ms). Dolomite-bearing siltstone and mudstone are primarily strongly oil-wet, while siltstone is primarily mixed wet. Type II and type III pore-throat systems are more oil-wet than type I for the same source-reservoir combination. Mixed shale oil reservoir wettability is primarily controlled by three factors, including organic matter abundance, source-reservoir combination, and dolomite content. The influence of the pore-throat structure is weak. High organic matter abundance, an integrated source-reservoir or adjacent source-reservoir, and appropriate dolomite content are necessary conditions for forming a strong oil-wet shale oil reservoir in the Lucaogou Formation. Stronger oil-wet is beneficial for shale oil charging and enrichment.
Highlights
Shale oil reserves are an abundant, widely distributed, and important type of unconventional oil and gas deposit [1]
Mixed shale oil reservoirs are important for the commercial development of shale oil in China, especially the Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar basin [1]
This paper presents a multiphase study, including casting thin sections, argon ion polishing scanning electron microscope (AIP-SEM) analysis, organic geochemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and high pressure mercury injection (HPMI), to reveal the lithology, mineral composition, oilbearing properties, and pore structure of a mixed shale oil reservoir
Summary
Shale oil reserves are an abundant, widely distributed, and important type of unconventional oil and gas deposit [1]. Shale oil refers to liquid hydrocarbons found in organic-rich shales and fine-grained interlayers, such as siltstones and carbonate rocks [3, 4]. The Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao basin is primarily composed of thick mudstone, which is composed of feldspar, quartz, and clay minerals with minor amounts of carbonate minerals [9]. The Lucaogou Formation contains a set of fine grained mixed rocks including dark mudstones, siltstones, carbonates, and their associated transitional lithologies [11, 12]; the primary minerals are feldspar, quartz, and dolomite; and the clay mineral content is low [13]. The lithology of the two types of shale oil reservoirs is significantly different, and the mixed reservoirs contain more silt. The Lucaogou Formation mixed shale oil has been successfully explored and developed, and China’s first national demonstration area for continental shale oil has been established
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