Abstract
Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) doped with rare-earth elements have shown to alter the magnetic properties of garnet nanoparticles (NPs), which is believed to have direct influence on the wettability, interfacial tension and viscosity alteration of garnet nanofluids. In this study, Y2.8R0.2Fe5O12 (R = Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd) and Samarium (Sm)) NPs were synthesized by using the sol gel auto-combustion method followed by annealing treatment at 1000°C for 3 hours. The Y2.8R0.2Fe5O12 nanoparticles synthesized had grain size ranging from 100 to 200nm with high crystallinity properties. X-ray Diffraction peaks showed varying shifting with the size of the rare-earth ions in the Y2.8R0.2Fe5O12 crystal system, suggesting that structural distortion is due to replacement of bigger ions. Sm-YIG exhibited the highest magnetization saturation among all samples, with the value of 23.54 emu/g. Wettability data of Y2.8R0.2Fe5O12 (RE-YIG) nanofluids showed that oil-wetting contact angle has an overall reduction under the influence of electromagnetic wave. Whereas the interfacial tension and viscosity data showed that doped garnet nanofluids has lower value than that of garnet nanofluids, but the magnitude of interfacial tension and viscosity value decreased with the rare-earth ionic size. Sm-YIG also has the highest interfacial tension across all samples, as the stronger magnetization saturation may contribute to higher surface tension exerted on the oil-nanofluid interface.
Highlights
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using Nanoparticles (NPs) method has been a major novel application research topic to further improve current oil recovery rate
Whereas the interfacial tension and viscosity data showed that doped garnet nanofluids has lower value than that of garnet nanofluids, but the magnitude of interfacial tension and viscosity value decreased with the rare-earth ionic size
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results show the element composition of each sample matches well with the weight percent of rare-earths doped in Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) which is about 3% corresponding to the 0.2 mole concentration
Summary
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using Nanoparticles (NPs) method has been a major novel application research topic to further improve current oil recovery rate. Low dimensionality of nanoparticles enhances the magnetization or became paramagnetic, which makes alteration of surface force of fluids achievable (Pilkington and Wuge, 2012) and improve the recovery rate through oil-water IFT reduction (Soleimani et al, 2018). Oscillating magnetization forces experienced by the magnetic nanoparticles has shown to initiate interfacial movement at the oil-water interface and altering the apparent viscosity of the nanofluids due to their magnetorheological and electrorheological properties, which improve the oil mobilization rate (Ryoo et al, 2012; Yahya, et al, 2014; Zaid et al, 2014; Zitha and Wessel, 2002). As studied by Soleimani et al (2014), higher magnetic susceptibility nanoparticles shown better oil recovery rate in a core flooding test under EM wave irradiance
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