Western Corn Rootworm, Plant and Microbe Interactions: A Review and Prospects for New Management Tools.

Abstract

Simple SummaryOver 90 million acres of US cropland are planted with corn, Zea mays, annually. The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, causes significant economic damage by feeding on corn roots and the insect has populations that have adapted to nearly all management techniques in some regions. Additional tools are needed. Significant research on the basic biology of this pest has added new possibilities. Here, we summarize research that we believe has potential for future management of this major pest.The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is resistant to four separate classes of traditional insecticides, all Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) toxins currently registered for commercial use, crop rotation, innate plant resistance factors, and even double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting essential genes via environmental RNA interference (RNAi), which has not been sold commercially to date. Clearly, additional tools are needed as management options. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge about biotic factors influencing herbivore success, including host location and recognition, plant defensive traits, plant-microbe interactions, and herbivore-pathogens/predator interactions. We then translate this knowledge into potential new management tools and improved biological control.