Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging pathogen with a wide spread distribution in most parts of the world. WNV was first identified from the blood of a febrile female patient in West Nile district in Uganda in 1937 and since then, subsequent isolations of the virus have been reported mainly in humans, horses and birds. Evidence of the virus being present in mosquitoes and ticks has also been documented. However, the recent expansion of WNV in terms of its distribution and ability to cause devastating epidemics is not well understood. Moreover, the factors involved in its maintenance and dissemination are yet to be unraveled. There is scarcity of data on the genetic diversity and evolution of WNV. Little is known about the actual burden posed by the virus in terms of public and animal health. This review envisages bringing in to light up to date information on WNV epidemiology, vector competence, molecular biology, phylogeny, diagnosis and management. This will provide an in-depth understanding of the resurgence of the virus which will aid in the establishment of the appropriate strategies such as regular surveillance that will support early detection, accurate diagnosis, prevention and control of WNV.
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