Abstract
West Bengal Assembly election was one of the most keenly watched assembly elections in India in 2021. One of the reasons for this interest was the unexpected rise of the Bhartiya Janata Party in a state mostly known for its contests between the Left parties, the Indian National Congress, and the All-India Trinamool Congress. The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) had only 3 seats in the last assembly election of 2016, whereas the ruling All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) party had 212 seats. The BJP was never a major player in the state except during the last parliamentary election (2019) when BJP bagged 18 out of the 42 parliamentary seats. The analysis presented in this paper analyzes the constituency-wise figures for each of the 294 constituencies spread over 19 districts of the state of West Bengal in India. The TMC emerged victorious with 48% of the total popular votes, while the opposition BJP got 39% of the popular votes. Also, TMC won 213 (73%) of total seats, whereas the BJP came to a distant second with 77 (26%) seats, even though it raised its stock significantly in the West Bengal Assembly from its 2016 tally of a meager 3 seats. After the West Bengal 2021 election results, Mamata Banerjee emerged as one of the main challengers of BJP at the national arena of Indian politics. This paper will benefit and help anyone interested in Indian political analysis and would also provide key insights for the political analysts and the political parties interested in a seat-by-seat deep dive. The analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Excel and R Software.
Highlights
Walking is the most sustainable form of transportation
This analysis presents that these three themes received much attention from the literature, which demonstrates that the importance of these three themes to be examined in walkability and built environment research
Among the major problems of the international legal response to the spread of the pandemic are: the recommendatory nature of most international legal acts related to the fight against COVID-19; the lack of interest of states in informing World Health Organization (WHO) in time about the outbreak of infectious diseases for fear of losing economic benefits; arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of international acts by national governments, threatening to limit and violate human rights; restrictions on human rights of movement imposed by states were not based on scientific evidence or WHO guidance; lack of a clear funding mechanism that would allow the creation of the necessary global and national infrastructures to ensure obligations in accordance with the IHR, including assistance to the least developed countries in building their own
Summary
Walking is the most sustainable form of transportation. It is the socially equitable, economically viable and environmentally friendly mode of transportation most accessible to the masses. Advancement in transportation technology has caused the desertion of the pedestrian spaces due to the availability of primarily motorized transport. Jacobs (1961) in her book, “The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)” advocated a vibrant urban life that promotes pedestrian activity. This seminal book emphasizes cities as social connector, a hub where people can enjoy each other and appreciate the vitality of the community. The results of the study revealed that social interaction factors and walkability among pedestrian environment factors positively influence a sense of community. These findings are in line with the New Urbanists’ belief that a high-quality pedestrian environment will enhance sense of community by increasing opportunities for interaction among neighbors
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