運動競賽成敗結果、歸因、以及情緒之關研究：驗證Weiner(1985)成就動機和情緒的歸因理論

Abstract

Based on Weiner's (l985) Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion, the purpose of this study was to examine athletes' emotional responses after success and failure, and the relation between attribution and emotion. One hundred and fifty-one intercollegiate table-tennis players (males = 88; females= 63) with a mean age of 21.39 years(SD= + 3.12) who participated in the 2002 Intercollegiate Athletic Meet in Taiwan were sampled for this study. After the first round of the table tennis competition, participants were asked to write down their competition outcome and complete Causal Dimension Scale- II , (McAuley, Duncan, & Russell, 1993). After completing these two tasks, participants were asked to complete an Affection Reaction Scale Peng, 1995) to rate their emotional responses to the success and failure. Independent t-tests found successful players were higher on satisfaction, terrific, great, appreciation, happy, and confidence than failure players, while failure players were higher on shame, guilt, poor, anger, depression, and hopelessness than successful players. In addition, successful players attributed their competition outcome more to stability than failure players, but there were no differences between the two groups in locus of causality, external control, and personal control dimensions. Moreover, this study found in the winning situation, the locus of causality positively correlated with terrific, pride, and confidence, while stability positively correlated with pride. Finally, in the losing situation, only external control positively correlated with anger. In general, this study supports most tenets of Weiner's (l985) Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion and McAuley, Russell & Gross' (l983) research. This study concluded that competition outcome and emotional responses play important roles in influencing achievement motivation. Future research could extend this study and explore which personality factors moderate competition outcome and emotional responses.