Abstract
(1 − x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–xBi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 ceramics with x = 0.00 mol.% (0BMN), 0.01 mol.% (1BMN), 0.03 mol.% (3BMN), and 0.05 mol.% (5BMN) were synthesized using a solid-state processing technique. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of uncalcined samples up to 730 °C showed that the maximum weight loss was observed for 3BMN, whereas the minimum weight loss was attributed to the 0BMN sample. After that, calcination was performed at 800 °C for 4 h. The XRD of calcined samples showed the successful formation of the perovskite phase with no impurity phases. 1BMN and 3BMN samples showed some of the lattice strain; however, a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) existed around x = 0.03 between the rhombohedral and tetragonal structure. The TGA of the green pellets showed weight loss up to the sintering temperature (1100 °C) and during the 3 h holding period. 5BMN showed the maximum weight loss up to sintering temperature, as well as during the holding period, whereas 0BMN displayed the minimum weight loss up to sintering temperature, as well as some weight gain during the holding period. The relative permittivity (εr) was maximum at low frequencies, but the addition of BMN improved the εr. The frequency dependence of dielectric loss (tanδ) showed that the maximum loss was observed for 3BMN at lower frequencies, and 5BMN showed the maximum loss at higher frequency among all samples.
Highlights
Piezoelectric ceramics primarily based on lead oxide (PbO) are commonly used as piezoelectric actuators, sensors, and transducers for their exceptional piezoelectric properties [1]
The European Union (EU) passed legislation on Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and End of Life Vehicles (ELV), propelling scientists to take out poisonous substances from electrical and electronic devices to lessen their effect on the surroundings and wellbeing of people [6]
Another goal of this study was to study the effect of different concentrations of Bi1/2(Mg2/3Nb1/3) O3 (BMN) on the dielectric properties of NBT–BMN piezoelectric ceramics
Summary
Piezoelectric ceramics primarily based on lead oxide (PbO) are commonly used as piezoelectric actuators, sensors, and transducers for their exceptional piezoelectric properties [1]. Sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 denoted as NBT) is one of the emerging lead-free ceramics, and it was discovered in 1960 [7,8] It has a distorted perovskite structure (ABO3) with rhombohedral R3c symmetry at room temperature (RT). In this study, we prepared a binary solid solution of (1 − x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xBi(Mg2/3Nb1/3) ceramics to observe the effect of BMN on Na and Bi volatility during the calcination and sintering process. Another goal of this study was to study the effect of different concentrations of BMN on the dielectric properties of NBT–BMN piezoelectric ceramics
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