Abstract
Abstract Weather observations are needed in remote oceanic regions to support numerical weather forecast models, to provide surface truth for satellite sensors, and to help understand global weather patterns. An acoustic mini-drifting buoy using no moving parts has been designed to meet operational naval demands for real-time monitoring of upper-ocean air–sea interface processes. This buoy is an air-deployable, standard sonobuoy-sized buoy that uses an Argos satellite link to transmit data to users. Interpretation of the ambient sound field allows classification of weather into five categories: wind, wind and drizzle, rain, high seas, and shipping contaminated. Quantitative estimates of wind speed are shown to be in agreement with the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager satellite sensor. Rainfall detection is confirmed and rainfall rate quantified using an acoustic rainfall-rate algorithm. Atmospheric pressure, air and sea temperature, and ambient sound levels are measured directly.
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