Abstract
Sweat contains a broad range of critical biomarkers including ions, small molecules, and macromolecules that may indirectly or directly reflect the health status of the human body and thereby help track disease progression. Wearable sweat biosensors enable the collection and analysis of sweat in situ, achieving real-time, continuous, and noninvasive monitoring of human biochemical parameters at the molecular level. This review summarizes the physiological/pathological information of sweat and wearable sweat biosensors. First, the production of sweat pertaining to various electrolytes, metabolites, and proteins is described. Then, the compositions of the wearable sweat biosensors are summarized, and the design of each subsystem is introduced in detail. The latest applications of wearable sweat biosensors for outdoor, hospital, and family monitoring are highlighted. Finally, the review provides a summary and an outlook on the future developments and challenges of wearable sweat biosensors with the aim of advancing the field of wearable sweat monitoring technology.
Highlights
Medical health is important to every individual and is associated with social and economic development
Wearable biosensors are typically divided into two categories: (A) sensors based on physiological signal monitoring, such as tracking of blood pressure [4], cardiac activity [5], and temperature [6], and (B) wearable sensors based on biochemical parameter monitoring, such as dynamic tracking of metabolites in biological fluids, including sweat [7], tears [8], and interstitial fluids (ISF) [9]
The detection of sweat promises to reduce the need for invasive blood tests and enable continuous monitoring of relevant metabolites and related diseases at the molecular level
Summary
Medical health is important to every individual and is associated with social and economic development. The wearable sweat biosensor, which incorporates flexible epidermal electronics, microfluidic chip technology, electrochemical technology, and other multidisciplinary frontiers, enables the continuous collection, detection, and transmission process of human epidermal sweat and has initially yielded a number of innovative advances in the field of human physiological information monitoring, revealing the potential future value of disruptive applications in the medical health field [14,15,16]. Applicable to different scenarios such as sports and fitness, daily work, occupational disease monitoring, postoperative tracking, chronic disease management, and elderly care with sweat biomarker detection at the core, wearable sweat biosensors can be developed to monitor the physiological health indicators. This review will focus on the application of wearable sweat biosensors in different scenarios, including continuous health and disease monitoring, together with information on the physiological/pathological parameters associated with sweat.
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