Abstract
Sweat is a promising biofluid in allowing for non-invasive sampling. Here, we investigate the use of a voltammetric electronic tongue, combining different metal electrodes, for the purpose of non-invasive sample assessment, specifically focusing on sweat. A wearable electronic tongue is presented by incorporating metal electrodes on a flexible circuit board and used to non-invasively monitor sweat on the body. The data obtained from the measurements were treated by multivariate data processing. Using principal component analysis to analyze the data collected by the wearable electronic tongue enabled differentiation of sweat samples of different chemical composition, and when combined with 1H-NMR sample differentiation could be attributed to changing analyte concentrations.
Highlights
A significant effort is being devoted to the development of new healthcare and fitness innovations, driven by the need imposed by patients and individuals, as well as the possibilities provided by recent electronics, to evaluate and benchmark personal health parameters [1,2]
In order to assess the viability of using an e-tongue for classifying different sweat samples, gold, platinum, and palladium electrodes were first investigated in buffer solutions with analytes of interest
Sweat contains a large number of different compounds which could be of clinical importance, where a few compounds were selected to investigate the response of the electronic tongue [36,37]
Summary
A significant effort is being devoted to the development of new healthcare and fitness innovations, driven by the need imposed by patients and individuals, as well as the possibilities provided by recent electronics, to evaluate and benchmark personal health parameters [1,2]. It is possible to perform continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers for assessing human performance, health, and wellbeing Such new wearable technologies enable a shift from professional medical care provided by hospitals to essentially outsourced medical services at point-of-care units and homes and individuals being able to self-assess, at a much lower cost than what is currently possible. A variety of different wearable electronics systems are already on the market, which are capable of, e.g., monitoring heart rate and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). These systems measure general parameters, and do not perform non-invasive chemical analysis. To facilitate non-invasive sensing, there is a large interest in developing different sensors and biosensors operating in interstitial fluid, saliva, tears, and sweat, which promises continuous analyte access and measurement in a minimally- or non-invasive format [3]
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