Wearable electrochemical sensors for real-time monitoring in diabetes mellitus and associated complications

Abstract

This comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role wearable electrochemical sensors play in the proactive management and prevention of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications. Acknowledging the substantial impact of DM on individuals and the urgency for effective monitoring strategies, wearable sensors have emerged as a pragmatic solution. These sensors can detect analytical signals from biofluids, including sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid (ISF), employing minimally invasive techniques facilitated by technological advancements. The seamless integration of these sensors with computational platforms such as smartphones enhances their practicality for routine use. The review systematically explores diverse methodologies, encompassing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic principles, employed for the surveillance of analytes within biofluids. These foundational principles are meticulously applied to wearable devices, affording point-of-care solutions catering to the detection of individual analytes or simultaneous multiplexed analyte detection. The integration of wireless systems and the incorporation of machine learning algorithms introduce a layer of sophistication, elevating the capability of these sensors for the nuanced monitoring of DM and its complications. Through an in-depth analysis of these advancements, this review describes the significant potential of wearable electrochemical sensors as an essential tool for real-time monitoring and managing DM. The diverse approaches presented underscore the adaptability, versatility, and inherent efficacy of these sensors in addressing the multifaceted challenges intrinsic to DM and its associated complications within academic discourse.