Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
Highlights
Nowadays, the design and development of wearable biosensors with their potential in human health monitoring and personalized medicine have gathered significant attention
Integration of sensors for the detection of diversified biomarkers in the future of wearable biosensors is a challenge, and it requires a continuous breakthrough in sensing devices
Multiple perspectives have already been reported [29,30,31,32,33], whereas, the present review describes the introduction to wearable devices capable of detecting different biomarkers in biological fluids aiming at the monitoring of human health
Summary
The design and development of wearable biosensors with their potential in human health monitoring and personalized medicine have gathered significant attention. With the novel innovation and advancements in material science as well as development in mechanical engineering and wireless communication technologies, various wearable devices Integration of sensors for the detection of diversified biomarkers in the future of wearable biosensors is a challenge, and it requires a continuous breakthrough in sensing devices. Critical issues such as functional material and the manufacturing technologies used in the preparation of sensing electrodes still is a challenge and need to be addressed to improve the performance of wearable biochemical sensors [22]. Multiple perspectives have already been reported [29,30,31,32,33], whereas, the present review describes the introduction to wearable devices capable of detecting different biomarkers in biological fluids aiming at the monitoring of human health.
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