Wear resistance of a compositionally graded tool steel : R.A. Queeney, S.F. Gradess (University of Pennsylvania, USA)

Abstract

Physicians understand that family planning and reliable contraception are among today's critical health issues. To meet individual and family contraceptive needs, an office-based procedure such as vasectomy widely is accepted as a safe, permanent, and inexpensive method for men. It can be performed safely in the office setting with a low failure rate and a low rate of significant short-term and long-term complications,27 resulting in high rates of patient satisfaction with this sterilization procedure. A new approach to exposing the vas deferens, called no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV), was developed by Li15 at the Chongquing Family Planning Scientific Institute in the Sichuan Province of China in 1974. This innovative method results in fewer complications than the traditional incisional technique and has been used increasingly in the United States since its introduction in 1986. The Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception (now AVSC International) was instrumental in the original promotion of this technique and has continued to make training available to physicians in the United States and abroad. A list of trainers and trained physicians is available from AVSC by writing them at 79 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016.