Abstract
Pupal eclosion rhythms were studied in seven strains of C. costata originating between latitudes 43°N in Japan to 69°N in Finland. The strains represented the following types of diapause: larval obligatory, larval photoperiodic (critical daylengths from 14 h in the south to 21 h in the north), and no photoperiodic diapause. The eclosion rhythmicity of all strains was weak in all diel photoperiods. The free-running rhythms of eclosion were also of low amplitude. Three other species of Chymomyza were studied for comparison: Chymomyza distincta and C. fuscimana with a larval diapause and C. caudatula with an adult diapause. Only C. caudatula had the rhythmic eclosion that drosophilids have in general. We conclude that the exceptionally weak eclosion rhythmicity in C. costata is an adaptation for eclosion at any permissive time of day around midsummer. The weak rhythmicity of eclosion in C. costata would thus the phenotypic plasticity, an adaptation to the exceptional phenological timing of the species. There was no parallel variation between circadian eclosion rhythms and photoperiodism.
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