We Need to Talk About Racism-In All of Its Forms-To Understand COVID-19 Disparities.

Jomills Henry Braddock,Adrienne Milner,Berkeley Franz

doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0069

Jomills Henry Braddock, Adrienne Milner + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0069

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Abstract

Purpose: Racism is an essential factor to understand racial health disparities in infection and mortality due to COVID-19 and must be thoroughly integrated into any successful public health response. But highlighting the effect of racism generally does not go far enough toward understanding racial/ethnic health disparities or advocating for change; we must interrogate the various forms of racism in the United States, including behaviors and practices that are not recognized by many as racism.Methods: In this article, we explore the prevalence and demographic distribution of various forms of racism in the United States and how these diverse racial ideologies are potentially associated with racialized responses to the COVID-19 crisis.Results: We find that among white Americans, more than a quarter express traditional racist attitudes, whereas more than half endorse more contemporary and implicit forms of racist ideology. Each of these types of racism helps us explain profound disparities related to COVID-19.Conclusions: Despite a robust literature documenting persistent patterns of racial disparities in the United States, a focus on the role that various forms of racism play in perpetuating these disparities is absent. These distinctions are essential to realizing health equity and countering disparities in COVID-19 and other health outcomes among people of color in the United States.

Highlights

IntroductionActivists, and leaders were not surprised to learn of dramatic racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.[1]
Many public health scholars, activists, and leaders were not surprised to learn of dramatic racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.[1]
In this article, we explore the prevalence and demographic distribution of various forms of racism in the United States and how these diverse racial ideologies are potentially associated with racialized responses to the COVID-19 crisis

Summary

Introduction

Activists, and leaders were not surprised to learn of dramatic racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.[1]. Public health scholars have made vital contributions to understanding these disparities, in particular documenting how segregation, institutional racism, and racial bias have contributed to excess morbidity and mortality for Americans of color. Racism can be defined as the ways in which individuals are privileged or disadvantaged, overtly and covertly, on a macro and micro level, based on perceived biological and cultural differences between groups, most often relative to skin color. Based on this definition, racism can result from the actions of individuals or institutions and can unfold in ways that are both intentional and unintentional.

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