Abstract

Reports of bitumen stranding on the ocean beaches of southern Australia date back to the early days of European settlement. Previous investigations have shown that this ‘coastal bitumen’ comprises three categories of stranded petroleum: waxy bitumen, asphaltite and oil slicks. All three varieties are physically and chemically distinct from each other, and bear no geochemical resemblance to any indigenous Australian crude oil. This study focuses on the most common variety, waxy bitumen, which accounted for 90% of the strandings on six South Australian beaches repeatedly surveyed during 1991–1992. Geochemical analysis of 96 individual specimens collected from these survey sites and other beaches in South Australia and western Victoria has shown them to be variously weathered high-wax crude oils of paraffinic to aromatic-intermediate bulk composition. Elemental, isotopic and biomarker differences allow their assignment to at least five oil families with inferred source facies that range from deep freshwater lacustrine through paludal and deltaic to euxinic marine, possibly deposited within different sedimentary basins. Family 1, 2 and 3 waxy bitumens all contain biomarkers derived from the freshwater alga Botryococcus sp. and tropical angiosperms (notably dipterocarps). Similar biomarker assemblages are unknown in Australian sedimentary basins but are common in Cenozoic crude oils and source rocks throughout western Indonesia. Family 4 waxy bitumens lack these biomarkers, but do contain dinosterane and 24-n-propylcholestane, indicative of a marine source affinity, while the carbon isotopic signatures and high pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios of Family 5 waxy bitumens are consistent with their origin from coal-rich source rocks deposited in fluvial to deltaic sedimentary successions. The majority of these waxy bitumens represent an oceanic influx of non-indigenous, Southeast Asian crude oils carried into the waters of southern Australia by the Leeuwin Current. Although they are likely to originate from natural seepage within the Indonesian Archipelago, it is unknown whether the parent oils emanate from submarine seeps or from inland seepages which are then carried to the sea by rivers. The common practice of tanker cleaning operations in the Java and Banda seas may augment the supply of natural bitumen to the beaches of Australia.

Highlights

  • A recent comprehensive review by Edwards et al (2016) outlined the history and geographic distribution of bitumen stranding on ocean beaches along the southern coastline of Australia

  • This paper presents the results of geochemical analyses undertaken by Padley (1995) on a suite of 96 archival and more recently stranded waxy bitumens recovered from ocean beaches between Cape Otway, Victoria and the southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia (Fig. 1)

  • The suite of waxy coastal bitumens examined in this study comprises heavy to light, solid oils with densities varying between 10 and 40 °API, pour points (43–82 °C) that reflect their high wax contents, and sulfur contents that range from low to moderate (0.1–2.6%) (Table 2)

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Summary

Introduction

A recent comprehensive review by Edwards et al (2016) outlined the history and geographic distribution of bitumen stranding on ocean beaches along the southern coastline of Australia. The most distinctive variety, asphaltites are a single family of heavy (4–18 °API gravity) aromatic-asphaltic crudes with very high sulfur contents (3–4%). Their biomarker and isotopic signatures indicate an origin from marine shale deposited during a mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event (Edwards et al, 1998; Totterdell et al, 2008).

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