Abstract
The wavelength dependence of the fragmentation of gallstones was investigated using pulsed excimer, ruby and Nd-YAG lasers. Fracturing is due to the shock waves produced by the plasma formed at the irradiated surface. The fluence threshold for plasma production and the associated acoustic signal was found to depend on the absorption coefficient at the laser wavelength. Using a simple model based on a thermal mechanism for plasma production the fluence threshold at different wavelengths can be predicted and the effect of the duration of the irradiating pulse can be qualitatively explained.
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