Waterspout Wind, Temperature and Pressure Structure Deduced from Aircraft Measurements

Abstract

Abstract During September 1974 in the Lower Florida Keys, the first successful penetrations of mature waterspouts were accomplished by a specially instrumented research aircraft. Throughout the course of each penetration, the measurement system recorded the temperature, the pressure and the three-dimensional velocity field near and within the visible funnel. Multiple penetrations of both cyclonic and anticyclonic waterspouts in various life-cycle stages were achieved. The results indicate that the waterspout funnel structure exhibits 1) a warm central core region, 2) positive vertical velocities of 5–10 m s−1 outside of the warm core, and 3) tangential velocities and horizontal pressure gradients with characteristics similar to but with magnitudes greater than those of the dust devil. A scale analysis of each term in the governing equations of motion suggests a simplified set of modeling equations. The simple Rankine-combined vortex model with cyclostrophic flow explains approximately 75% of the total mea...